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To understand the upper limits or potentials of metabolism, the theory of evolution needs to be defined from the mathematical and physical points of view. In this study, we proposed that life is a self-reproducing and self-accelerating open chemical system. Cell membrane and division are not necessary for life. Being alive is a status that life competes for energy and matters through complex metabolism. Evolution is the dynamic performance of life system. According to the scales of life activities, this study roughly classified life activities at the molecular, cellular, individual, ecological, and biogeochemical (atomic) levels, and summarized several new orders or laws which have been introduced with the increase of level, and analyzed the relationship between these laws and the evolution from simple to complex. Then we proposed a concept, that is, life not only obeys the mathematical and physical laws, but also evolves complex and ingenious methods to gradually use or avoid or even against the effects of natures laws on life activities. To survive in a complex and changing environment, organisms significantly influence themselves at all five levels of life activities, and the whole biosphere can be considered as a huge feedback loop. The accelerated development of human civilization indicates that the feedback loop runs faster and faster. Based on previous studies and the present study, we propose that feedback regulation constantly drives the evolution of organisms due to the limitations of metabolism in a complex and changing environment.
Meaningful laws of nature must be independent of the units employed to measure the variables. The principle of similitude (Rayleigh 1915) or dimensional homogeneity, states that only commensurable quantities (ones having the same dimension) may be co
We develop a practical method to analyze the mixing structure of hadrons consisting of two components of quark-composite and hadronic composite. As an example we investigate the properties of the axial vector meson a1(1260) and discuss its mixing pro
Compared to imaging in the visible and near-infrared regions below 900 nm, imaging in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) is a promising method for deep-tissue high-resolution optical imaging in vivo mainly due to the reduced scatt
We show that some tripartite quantum correlations are inexplicable by any causal theory involving bipartite nonclassical common causes and unlimited shared randomness. This constitutes a device-independent proof that Natures nonlocality is fundamenta
Power spectral density measurements of any sampled signal are typically restricted by both acquisition rate and frequency response limitations of instruments, which can be particularly prohibitive for video-based measurements. We have developed a new