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This work introduces a theoretical extension of the characteristic mode formulation for analysing the vertical electric dipole lying above a lossy dielectric half-space. As the conventional characteristic formulation fails to maintain the orthogonality of the characteristic field modes over the infinite sphere, an alternate modal formulation is proposed here to maintain the orthogonality for both the current and field modes. The modal results are found to match closely with its method of moment counterparts. Later, the modes of an isolated dipole with no ground plane have been used to predict the role of the lossy ground plane through a theory of the linear combination of the eigenvectors. The proposed formulations have been studied with different heights from the ground plane and are compared with the direct modal solutions to validate its accuracy. It helps to provide a thorough understanding of how the isolated modes interact among each other to constitute the perturbed modes in the presence of the lossy half-space. It can find application to include the lossy earth effect in the study of the lightning fields and the path loss modelling of the antennas over the lossy ground.
The emission pattern from a classical dipole located above and oriented perpendicular to a metallic or dielectric half space is calculated for a dipole driven at constant amplitude. This is a problem considered originally by Sommerfeld and analyzed s
With the rise of artificial magnetism and metamaterials, the toroidal family recently attracts more attention for its unique properties. Here we propose an all-dielectric pentamer metamolecule consisting of nano-cylinders with two toroidal dipolar re
With the rapid development of advanced electromagnetic manipulation technologies, researchers and engineers are starting to study smart surfaces that can achieve enhanced coverages, high reconfigurability, and are easy to deploy. Among these efforts,
Microstip antenna topology is commonly loaded with a narrow slot to manipulate the resonance frequency or impedance bandwidth. However, the tuning of the resonance frequency or impedance bandwidth results in the variation of the current and field dis
A unification of characteristic mode decomposition for all method-of-moment formulations of field integral equations describing free-space scattering is derived. The work is based on an algebraic link between impedance and transition matrices, the la