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تسجيل مستخدم جديدFrom EPR, Schru007fodinger paradox to nonlocality based on perfect correlation
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We give a conceptually simple proof of nonlocality using only the perfect correlations between results of measurements on distant systems discussed by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen---correlations that EPR thought proved the incompleteness of quantum mechanics. Our argument relies on an extension of EPR by Schrodinger.
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We discuss proofs of nonlocality based on a generalization by Erwin Schrodinger of the argument of Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen. These proofs do not appeal in any way to Bells inequalities. Indeed, one striking feature of the proofs is that they can
be used to establish nonlocality solely on the basis of suitably robust perfect correlations. First we explain that Schrodingers argument shows that locality and the perfect correlations between measurements of observables on spatially separated systems implies the existence of a non-contextual value-map for quantum observables; non-contextual means that the observable has a particular value before its measurement, for any given quantum system, and that any experiment measuring this observable will reveal that value. Then, we establish the impossibility of a non-contextual value-map for quantum observables {it without invoking any further quantum predictions}. Combining this with Schrodingers argument implies nonlocality. Finally, we illustrate how Bohmian mechanics is compatible with the impossibility of a non-contextual value-map.
The EPR paradox and the meaning of the Bell inequality are discussed. It is shown that considering the quantum objects as carrying with them instruction kits telling them what to do when meeting a measurement apparatus any paradox disappears. In this
view the quantum state is characterized by the prescribed behaviour rather than by the specific value a parameter assumes as a result of an interaction.
Backward causation in which future events affect the past is formalized in a way consistent with Special Relativity and shown to restore locality to nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. It can explain the correlations of the EPR paradox without using h
idden variables. It also restores time-symmetry to microphysics. Quantum Mechanics has the right properties to allow for backward causation. The new model is probably untestable experimentally but it has profound philosophical implications concerning reality.
We explore the different meanings of quantum uncertainty contained in Heisenbergs seminal paper from 1927, and also some of the precise definitions that were explored later. We recount the controversy about Anschaulichkeit, visualizability of the the
ory, which Heisenberg claims to resolve. Moreover, we consider Heisenbergs programme of operational analysis of concepts, in which he sees himself as following Einstein. Heisenbergs work is marked by the tensions between semiclassical arguments and the emerging modern quantum theory, between intuition and rigour, and between shaky arguments and overarching claims. Nevertheless, the main message can be taken into the new quantum theory, and can be brought into the form of general theorems. They come in two kinds, not distinguished by Heisenberg. These are, on one hand, constraints on preparations, like the usual textbook uncertainty relation, and, on the other, constraints on joint measurability, including trade-offs between accuracy and disturbance.
Based on his extension of the classical argument of Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen, Schrodinger observed that, in certain quantum states associated with pairs of particles that can be far away from one another, the result of the measurement of an obser
vable associated with one particle is perfectly correlated with the result of the measurement of another observable associated with the other particle. Combining this with the assumption of locality and some no hidden variables theorems, we showed in a previous paper [11] that this yields a contradiction. This means that the assumption of locality is false, and thus provides us with another demonstration of quantum nonlocality that does not involve Bells (or any other) inequalities. In [11] we introduced only spin-like observables acting on finite dimensional Hilbert spaces. Here we will give a similar argument using the variables originally used by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen, namely position and momentum.
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