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The derivation and application of the general characteristics of bioheat transfer for medical applications are shown in this paper. Two general bioheat transfer characteristics are derived from solutions of one-dimensional Pennes bioheat transfer equation; steady-state thermal penetration depth, which is the deepest depth where the heat effect reaches; and time to reach steady state, which represents the amount of time necessary for temperature distribution to converge to a steady-state. All results are described by dimensionless form; therefore these results provide information on temperature distribution in biological tissue for various thermal therapies by transforming to dimension form.
Cancer therapy using protons and heavier ions such as carbon has demonstrated advantages over other radiotherapy treatments. To bring about the next generation of clinical facilities, the requirements are likely to reduce the footprint, obtain beam i
Dimensionless ratios of physical properties can characterize low-temperature phases in a wide variety of materials. As such, the Wilson ratio (WR), the Kadowaki-Woods ratio and the Wiedemann--Franz law capture essential features of Fermi liquids in m
The laws of physics have a set of fundamental constants, and it is generally admitted that only dimensionless combinations of constants have physical significance. These combinations include the electromagnetic and gravitational fine structure consta
Transient processes generally constitute part of energy-system cycles. If skillfully manipulated, they actually are capable of assisting systems to behave beneficially to suit designers needs. In the present study, behaviors related to both thermal c
We report the design and test results of a beam monitor developed for online monitoring in hadron therapy. The beam monitor uses eight silicon pixel sensors, textit{Topmetal-${II}^-$}, as the anode array. textit{Topmetal-${II}^-$} is a charge sensor