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The high brightness temperatures, $T_mathrm{b}gtrsim 10^{13}$ K, detected in several active galactic nuclei by RadioAstron space VLBI observations challenge theoretical limits. Refractive scattering by the interstellar medium may affect such measurements. We quantify the scattering properties and the sub-mas scale source parameters for the quasar B0529+483. Using RadioAstron correlated flux density measurements at 1.7, 4.8, and 22 GHz on projected baselines up to 240,000 km we find two characteristic angular scales in the quasar core, about 100 $mu$as and 10 $mu$as. Some indications of scattering substructure are found. Very high brightness temperatures, $T_mathrm{b}geq 10^{13}$ K, are estimated at 4.8 GHz and 22 GHz even taking into account the refractive scattering. Our findings suggest a clear dominance of the particle energy density over the magnetic field energy density in the core of this quasar.
Inverse Compton cooling limits the brightness temperature of the radiating plasma to a maximum of $10^{11.5}$ K. Relativistic boosting can increase its observed value, but apparent brightness temperatures much in excess of $10^{13}$ K are inaccessibl
Interstellar abundance determinations from fits to X-ray absorption edges often rely on the incorrect assumption that scattering is insignificant and can be ignored. We show instead that scattering contributes significantly to the attenuation of X-ra
Earth-space interferometry with RadioAstron provides the highest direct angular resolution ever achieved in astronomy at any wavelength. RadioAstron detections of the classic quasar 3C273 on interferometric baselines up to 171,000 km suggest brightne
The RadioAstron space radio telescope provides a unique opportunity to study the extreme brightness temperatures ($mathrm{T_B }$) in AGNs with unprecedented long baselines of up to 28 Earth diameters. Since interstellar scintillation (ISS) may affect
In this paper we propose a new mechanism describing the initial spike of giant flares in the framework of the starquake model. We investigate the evolution of a plasma on a closed magnetic flux tube in the magnetosphere of a magnetar in the case of a