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Given a sequence of numbers ${p_n}$ in $[0,1]$, consider the following experiment. First, we flip a fair coin and then, at step $n$, we turn the coin over to the other side with probability $p_n$, $nge 2$. What can we say about the distribution of the empirical frequency of heads as $ntoinfty$? We show that a number of phase transitions take place as the turning gets slower (i.e. $p_n$ is getting smaller), leading first to the breakdown of the Central Limit Theorem and then to that of the Law of Large Numbers. It turns out that the critical regime is $p_n=text{const}/n$. Among the scaling limits, we obtain Uniform, Gaussian, Semicircle and Arcsine laws.
In this letter we present the first implementation of a quantum coin tossing protocol. This protocol belongs to a class of ``two-party cryptographic problems, where the communication partners distrust each other. As with a number of such two-party pr
Let $S$ be the random walk obtained from coin turning with some sequence ${p_n}_{nge 1}$, as introduced in [6]. In this paper we investigate the scaling limits of $S$ in the spirit of the classical Donsker invariance principle, both for the heating a
We give a game-theoretic proof of the celebrated Erdos-Feller-Kolmogorov-Petrowsky law of the iterated logarithm for fair coin tossing. Our proof, based on Bayesian strategy, is explicit as many other game-theoretic proofs of the laws in probability theory.
We study capital process behavior in the fair-coin game and biased-coin games in the framework of the game-theoretic probability of Shafer and Vovk (2001). We show that if Skeptic uses a Bayesian strategy with a beta prior, the capital process is luc
The security of quantum communication using a weak coherent source requires an accurate knowledge of the sources mean photon number. Finite calibration precision or an active manipulation by an attacker may cause the actual emitted photon number to d