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تسجيل مستخدم جديدThe Horizon-T Experiment: Extensive Air Showers Detection
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Horizon-T is an innovative detector system constructed to study Extensive Air Showers (EAS) in the energy range above 10^16 eV coming from a wide range of zenith angles (0 - 85 degrees). The system is located at Tien Shan high-altitude Science Station of Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences at approximately 3340 meters above the sea level. It consists of eight charged particle detection points separated by the distance up to one kilometer as well as optical detector subsystem to view the Vavilov-Cerenkov light from the EAS. The time resolution of charged particles and Vavilov-Cerenkov light photons passage of the detector system is a few ns. This level of resolution allows conducting research of atmospheric development of individual EAS.
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Radio detection of extensive air showers initiated in the Earths atmosphere has made tremendous progress in the last decade. Today, radio detection is routinely used in several cosmic-ray observatories. The physics of the radio emission in air shower
s is well-understood, and analysis techniques have been developed to determine the arrival direction, the energy and an estimate for the mass of the primary particle from the radio measurements. The achieved resolutions are competitive with those of more traditional techniques. In this article, I shortly review the most important achievements and discuss the potential for future applications.
An innovative detector system called Horizon-T is constructed to study Extensive Air Showers (EAS) in the energy range above 10^16 eV coming from a wide range of zenith angles (0o - 85o). The system is located at Tien Shan high-altitude Science Stati
on of Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences at approximately 3340 meters above the sea level. The detector consists of eight charged particle detection points separated by the distance up to one kilometer as well as optical detector to view the Vavilov-Cherenkov light from the EAS. Each detector connects to the Data Acquisition system via cables. The calibration of the time delay for each cable and the signal attenuation is provided in this article.
In March of 2018, after the completion of the Physics Run 2, an upgrade has been installed at an innovative detector system Horizon-T, with the upgraded version now called Horizon-10T. It was constructed to study Extensive Air Showers (EAS) in the en
ergy range above 10^16 eV coming from a wide range of zenith angles (0 - 85 degrees). The system is located at Tien Shan high-altitude Science Station of Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences at approximately 3340 meters above the sea level. After this upgrade, the detector consists of ten charged particle detection points separated by the distance up to 1.3 kilometer as well as optical detector to view the Vavilov-Cherenkov light from the EAS. Each detector connects to the Data Acquisition system via cables. The calibration of the time delay for each cable including newly installed ones and the signal attenuation is provided in this article as well as the description of the newly installed detection points and their MIP response values.
The ability to extract the pulse width and translate it into the actual disk width of the Extensive Air Showers (EAS) is a hard one requiring accurate knowledge of the system performance. For that, the analysis for the cable calibration for Horizon-1
0T detectors has been re-analyzed in a different form that allows for better signal width measurements. An innovative detector system Horizon-10T, constructed to study EAS in the energy range above 1016 eV coming from a wide range of zenith angles (0o - 85o), is located at Tien Shan high-altitude Science Station of Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences at approximately 3340 meters above the sea level.
To exploit the full potential of radio measurements of cosmic-ray air showers at MHz frequencies, a detector timing synchronization within 1 ns is needed. Large distributed radio detector arrays such as the Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) rely o
n timing via the Global Positioning System (GPS) for the synchronization of individual detector station clocks. Unfortunately, GPS timing is expected to have an accuracy no better than about 5 ns. In practice, in particular in AERA, the GPS clocks exhibit drifts on the order of tens of ns. We developed a technique to correct for the GPS drifts, and an independent method is used for cross-checks that indeed we reach nanosecond-scale timing accuracy by this correction. First, we operate a beacon transmitter which emits defined sine waves detected by AERA antennas recorded within the physics data. The relative phasing of these sine waves can be used to correct for GPS clock drifts. In addition to this, we observe radio pulses emitted by commercial airplanes, the position of which we determine in real time from Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcasts intercepted with a software-defined radio. From the known source location and the measured arrival times of the pulses we determine relative timing offsets between radio detector stations. We demonstrate with a combined analysis that the two methods give a consistent timing calibration with an accuracy of 2 ns or better. Consequently, the beacon method alone can be used in the future to continuously determine and correct for GPS clock drifts in each individual event measured by AERA.
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