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Quantifying the population density of an urban area is a fraught issue. Measures of density are often defined differently from place to place or applied inconsistently, and arguments abound over just how much of the land surrounding a city should and should not be classified as `urban. The prime candidates for a consistent density measure are overall density OD (also known as average density) and population-weighted density PWD (as recently adopted by the US Census Bureau). In this note some less intuitive aspects of PWD are explored, so that the consequences of adopting PWD as a density measure are better understood relative to OD. It will also be seen that one cannot entirely dispense with the need to define urban boundaries, to work preferentially with the smallest parcels of land for which one has data, and to pay careful attention to the delineation of boundaries to ensure high-density and low-density developments are allocated to separate parcels where possible.
Compared to the conditional mean as a simple point estimator, the conditional density function is more informative to describe the distributions with multi-modality, asymmetry or heteroskedasticity. In this paper, we propose a novel parametric condit
In this article we study the problem of thoracic image registration, in particular the estimation of complex anatomical deformations associated with the breathing cycle. Using the intimate link between the Riemannian geometry of the space of diffeomo
We propose an improved density integration methodology for Background Oriented Schlieren (BOS) measurements that overcomes the noise sensitivity of the commonly used Poisson solver. The method employs a weighted least-squares (WLS) optimization of th
We present a new technique to segregate old and young stellar populations in galactic spectra using machine learning methods. We used an ensemble of classifiers, each classifier in the ensemble specializes in young or old populations and was trained
Continuum solvation models enable efficient first principles calculations of chemical reactions in solution, but require extensive parametrization and fitting for each solvent and class of solute systems. Here, we examine the assumptions of continuum