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تسجيل مستخدم جديدSHAPEMOL: a 3-D code for calculating CO line emission in planetary and protoplanetary nebulae. Detailed model fitting of the complex nebula NGC 6302
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Modern instrumentation in radioastronomy constitutes a valuable tool for studying the Universe: ALMA has reached unprecedented sensitivities and spatial resolution, while Herschel/HIFI has opened a new window for probing molecular warm gas (~50-1000 K). On the other hand, the software SHAPE has emerged in the past few years as a standard tool for determining the morphology and velocity field of different kinds of gaseous emission nebulae via spatio-kinematical modelling. SHAPE implements radiative transfer solving, but it is only available for atomic species and not for molecules. Being aware of the growing importance of the development of tools for simplifying the analyses of molecular data, we introduce shapemol, a complement to SHAPE, with which we intend to fill the so-far under-developed molecular niche. shapemol enables user-friendly, spatio-kinematic modelling with accurate non-LTE calculations of excitation and radiative transfer in CO lines. It allows radiative transfer solving in the 12CO and 13CO J=1-0 to J=17-16 lines, but its implementation permits easily extending the code to different molecular species. shapemol allows easily generating synthetic maps and line profiles to match against interferometric or single-dish observations. We fully describe shapemol and discuss its limitations and the sources of uncertainty to be expected in the final synthetic profiles or maps. As an example of the power and versatility of shapemol, we build a model of the molecular envelope of the planetary nebula NGC 6302 and compare it with 12CO and 13CO J=2-1 interferometric maps from SMA and high-J transitions from Herschel/HIFI. We find the molecular envelope to have a complex, broken ring-like structure with an inner, hotter region and several fingers and high-velocity blobs, emerging outwards from the plane of the ring. We derive a mass of 0.11 Msun for the molecular envelope.
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ff}$: 2196 {AA}) and N279N (N2; {lambda}$_{rm eff}$: 2792 {AA}) with the Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT). The FUV F169M image shows faint emission lobes that extend to about 5 arcmin on either side of the central source. Faint orthogonal collimated jet-like structures are present on either side of the FUV lobes through the central source. These structures are not present in the two NUV filters nor in the FUV F172M filter. Optical and IR images of NGC 6302 show bright emission bipolar lobes in the east-west direction with a massive torus of molecular gas and dust seen as a dark lane in the north-south direction. The FUV lobes are much more extended and oriented at a position angle of 113{deg}. They and the jet-like structures might be remnants of an earlier evolutionary phase, prior to the dramatic explosive event that triggered the Hubble type bipolar flows approximately 2200 years ago. The source of the FUV lobe and jet emission is not known, but is likely due to fluorescent emission from H$_2$ molecules. The cause of the difference in orientation of optical and FUV lobes is not clear and, we speculate, could be related to two binary interactions.
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400,000K. On account of the dense dust and molecular disc, the central star has not convincingly been directly imaged until now. NGC 6302 was imaged in six narrow band filters by Wide Field Camera 3 on HST as part of the Servicing Mission 4 Early Release Observations. The central star is directly detected for the first time, and is situated at the nebula centre on the foreground side of the tilted equatorial disc. The magnitudes of the central star have been reliably measured in two filters(F469N and F673N). Assuming a hot black body, the reddening has been measured from the (4688-6766AA) colour and a value of c=3.1, A_v=6.6 mag determined. A G-K main sequence binary companion can be excluded. The position of the star on the HR diagram suggests a fairly massive PN central star of about 0.64,M_sun close to the white dwarf cooling track. A fit to the evolutionary tracks for (T,L,t)=(200,000K, 2000L_sun, 2200yr), where t is the nebular age, is obtained; however the luminosity and temperature remain uncertain. The model tracks predict that the star is rapidly evolving, and fading at a rate of almost 1 % per year. Future observations could test this prediction.
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