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تسجيل مستخدم جديدCompact dusty clouds in cosmic environment
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A novel mechanism of the formation of compact dusty clouds in astrophysical environments is discussed. It is shown that the balance of collective forces operating in space dusty plasmas can result in the effect of dust self-confinement, generating equilibrium spherical clusters. The distribution of dust and plasma density inside such objects and their stability are investigated. Spherical dusty clouds can be formed in a broad range of plasma parameters, suggesting that this process of dust self-organization might be a generic phenomenon occurring in different astrophysical media. We argue that compact dusty clouds can represent condensation seeds for a population of small-scale, cold, gaseous clumps in the diffuse interstellar medium. They could play an important role in regulating its small-scale structure and its thermodynamical evolution.
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Marco Padovani Laboratoire den Radioastronomie Millimetrique
, Ecole Normale Superieure et Observatoiren de Paris
2013
Cosmic-rays constitute the main ionising and heating agent in dense, starless, molecular cloud cores. We reexamine the physical quantities necessary to determine the cosmic-ray ionisation rate (especially the cosmic ray spectrum at E < 1 GeV and the
ionisation cross sections), and calculate the ionisation rate as a function of the column density of molecular hydrogen. Available data support the existence of a low-energy component (below about 100 MeV) of cosmic-ray electrons or protons responsible for the ionisation of diffuse and dense clouds. We also compute the attenuation of the cosmic-ray flux rate in a cloud core taking into account magnetic focusing and magnetic mirroring, following the propagation of cosmic rays along flux tubes enclosing different amount of mass and mass-to-flux ratios. We find that mirroring always dominates over focusing, implying a reduction of the cosmic-ray ionisation rate by a factor of 3-4 depending on the position inside the core and the magnetisation of the core.
Cosmic rays (CR) play an important role in dense molecular cores, affecting their thermal and dynamical evolution and initiating the chemistry. Several studies have shown that the formation of protostellar discs in collapsing clouds is severely hampe
red by the braking torque exerted by the entrained magnetic field on the infalling gas, as long as the field remains frozen to the gas. We examine the possibility that the concentration and twisting of the field lines in the inner region of collapse can produce a significant reduction of the ionisation fraction. To check whether the CR ionisation rate (CRir) can fall below the critical value required to maintain good coupling, we first study the propagation of CRs in a model of a static magnetised cloud varying the relative strength of the toroidal/poloidal components and the mass-to-flux ratio. We then follow the path of CRs using realistic magnetic field configurations generated by numerical simulations of a rotating collapsing core. We find that an increment of the toroidal component of the magnetic field, or, in general, a more twisted configuration of the field lines, results in a decrease in the CR flux. This is mainly due to the magnetic mirroring effect that is stronger where larger variations in the field direction are present. In particular, we find a decrease of the CRir below 10^-18 s-1 in the central 300-400 AU, where density is higher than about 10^9 cm-3. This very low value of the CRir is attained in the cases of intermediate and low magnetisation (mass-to-flux ratio lambda=5 and 17, respectively) and for toroidal fields larger than about 40% of the total field. Magnetic field effects can significantly reduce the ionisation fraction in collapsing clouds. We provide a handy fitting formula to compute approximately the attenuation of the CRir in a molecular cloud as a function of the density and the magnetic configuration.
We report the detection of extremely broad emission toward two molecular clumps in the Galactic central molecular zone. We have mapped the Sagittarius C complex ($-0^circ.61 < l < -0^circ.27$, $-0^circ.29 < b < 0^circ.04$) in the HCN $J$ = 4--3, $mat
hrm{^{13}CO}$ $J$ = 3--2, and $mathrm{H^{13}CN}$ $J$ = 1--0 lines with the ASTE 10 m and NRO 45 m telescopes, detecting bright emission with $80mbox{--}120$ $mathrm{km,s^{-1}}$ velocity width (in full-width at zero intensity) toward CO$-0.30$$-0.07$ and CO$-0.40$$-0.22$, which are high velocity compact clouds (HVCCs) identified with our previous CO $J$ = 3--2 survey. Our data reveal an interesting internal structure of CO$-0.30$$-0.07$ comprising a pair of high velocity lobes. The spatial-velocity structure of CO$-0.40$$-0.22$ can be also understood as multiple velocity component, or a velocity gradient across the cloud. They are both located on the rims of two molecular shells of about 10 pc in radius. Kinetic energies of CO$-0.30$$-0.07$ and CO$-0.40$$-0.22$ are $left(0.8mbox{--}2right)times10^{49}$ erg and $left(1mbox{--}4right)times10^{49}$ erg, respectively. We propose several interpretations of their broad emission: collision between clouds associated with the shells, bipolar outflow, expansion driven by supernovae (SNe), and rotation around a dark massive object. There scenarios cannot be discriminated because of the insufficient angular resolution of our data, though the absence of visible energy sources associated with the HVCCs seems to favor the cloud--cloud collision scenario. Kinetic energies of the two molecular shells are $1times10^{51}$ erg and $0.7times10^{51}$ erg, which can be furnished by multiple SN or hypernova explosions in $2times10^5$ yr. These shells are candidates of molecular superbubbles created after past active star formation.
Line emission is strongly dependent on the local environmental conditions in which the emitting tracers reside. In this work, we focus on modelling the CO emission from simulated giant molecular clouds (GMCs), and study the variations in the resultin
g line ratios arising from the emission from the $J=1-0$, $J=2-1$ and $J=3-2$ transitions. We perform a set of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations with time-dependent chemistry, in which environmental conditions -- including total cloud mass, density, size, velocity dispersion, metallicity, interstellar radiation field (ISRF) and the cosmic ray ionisation rate (CRIR) -- were systematically varied. The simulations were then post-processed using radiative transfer to produce synthetic emission maps in the 3 transitions quoted above. We find that the cloud-averaged values of the line ratios can vary by up to $pm 0.3$ dex, triggered by changes in the environmental conditions. Changes in the ISRF and/or in the CRIR have the largest impact on line ratios since they directly affect the abundance, temperature and distribution of CO-rich gas within the clouds. We show that the standard methods used to convert CO emission to H$_2$ column density can underestimate the total H$_2$ molecular gas in GMCs by factors of 2 or 3, depending on the environmental conditions in the clouds.
Dynamical expansion of H II regions around star clusters plays a key role in dispersing the surrounding dense gas and therefore in limiting the efficiency of star formation in molecular clouds. We use a semi-analytic method and numerical simulations
to explore expansion of spherical dusty H II regions and surrounding neutral shells and the resulting cloud disruption. Our model for shell expansion adopts the static solutions of Draine (2011) for dusty H II regions and considers the contact outward forces on the shell due to radiation and thermal pressures as well as the inward gravity from the central star and the shell itself. We show that the internal structure we adopt and the shell evolution from the semi-analytic approach are in good agreement with the results of numerical simulations. Strong radiation pressure in the interior controls the shell expansion indirectly by enhancing the density and pressure at the ionization front. We calculate the minimum star formation efficiency $epsilon_{min}$ required for cloud disruption as a function of the clouds total mass and mean surface density. Within the adopted spherical geometry, we find that typical giant molecular clouds in normal disk galaxies have $epsilon_{min} lesssim 10$%, with comparable gas and radiation pressure effects on shell expansion. Massive cluster-forming clumps require a significantly higher efficiency of $epsilon_{min} gtrsim 50$% for disruption, produced mainly by radiation-driven expansion. The disruption time is typically of the order of a free-fall timescale, suggesting that the cloud disruption occurs rapidly once a sufficiently luminous H II region is formed. We also discuss limitations of the spherical idealization.
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