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Improving observations of ocean heat content show that Earth is absorbing more energy from the sun than it is radiating to space as heat, even during the recent solar minimum. The inferred planetary energy imbalance, 0.59 pm 0.15 W/m2 during the 6-year period 2005-2010, confirms the dominant role of the human-made greenhouse effect in driving global climate change. Observed surface temperature change and ocean heat gain together constrain the net climate forcing and ocean mixing rates. We conclude that most climate models mix heat too efficiently into the deep ocean and as a result underestimate the negative forcing by human-made aerosols. Aerosol climate forcing today is inferred to be 1.6 pm 0.3 W/m2, implying substantial aerosol indirect climate forcing via cloud changes. Continued failure to quantify the specific origins of this large forcing is untenable, as knowledge of changing aerosol effects is needed to understand future climate change. We conclude that recent slowdown of ocean heat uptake was caused by a delayed rebound effect from Mount Pinatubo aerosols and a deep prolonged solar minimum. Observed sea level rise during the Argo float era is readily accounted for by ice melt and ocean thermal expansion, but the ascendency of ice melt leads us to anticipate acceleration of the rate of sea level rise this decade.
Recommendations are made for NASA/JAXA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite Ground Validation (GV) program. This report details recommended GV site local radar products based on data from surface-based scanning radars including S-band, C-
Using observational data from the emph{Magnetospheric Multiscale} (MMS) Mission in the Earths magnetosheath, we estimate the energy cascade rate using different techniques within the framework of incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. A
We designed, developed, and deployed a distributed sensor network aiming at observing high-energy ionizing radiation, primarily gamma rays, from winter thunderclouds and lightning in coastal areas of Japan. Starting in 2015, we have installed, in tot
While water lifting plays a recognized role in the global atmospheric power budget, estimates for this role in tropical cyclones vary from zero to a major reduction in storm intensity. To assess its impact, here we consider work output of an infinite
We have measured new observables based on the final state kinematic imbalances in the mesonless production of $ u_mu+Arightarrowmu^-+p+X$ in the $text{MINER} utext{A}$ tracker. Components of the muon-proton momentum imbalances parallel ($delta p_math