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Recommendations are made for NASA/JAXA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite Ground Validation (GV) program. This report details recommended GV site local radar products based on data from surface-based scanning radars including S-band, C-band, and X-band polarimetric and non-polarimetric radars. Three general categories of products are described: text products summarizing information on the statistical characteristics of the radar data and derived parameters, 2D products providing maps of the horizontal variability of near surface radar observed and derived parameters, and 3D products describing volumetric echo structure. Regional composites could include products based on several of the 2D and 3D single radar products. Several types of time-integrated 2D and 3D products are also recommended. A brief discussion of useful ancillary data from other sources and remaining challenges concludes the report.
The radar scattering properties of realistic aggregate snowflakes have been calculated using the Rayleigh-Gans theory. We find that the effect of the snowflake geometry on the scattering may be described in terms of a single universal function, which
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A nowcast is a type of weather forecast which makes predictions in the very short term, typically less than two hours - a period in which traditional numerical weather prediction can be limited. This type of weather prediction has important applicati