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We discuss a consolidation of determinations of the density of neutral interstellar H at the nose of the termination shock carried out with the use of various data sets, techniques, and modeling approaches. In particular, we focus on the determination of this density based on observations of H pickup ions on Ulysses during its aphelion passage through the ecliptic plane. We discuss in greater detail a novel method of determination of the density from these measurements and review the results from its application to actual data. The H density at TS derived from this analysis is equal to 0.087 pm 0.022 cm-3, and when all relevant determinations are taken into account, the consolidated density is obtained at 0.09 pm 0.022 cm-3. The density of H in CHISM based on literature values of filtration factor is then calculated at 0.16 pm 0.04 cm-3.
Solar ionizing factors are responsible for modulation of interstellar neutral gas and its derivative populations inside the heliosphere. We provide an overview of the current state of knowledge about them for heliospheric particles inside the termina
High-Q^2 NC and CC DIS cross sections have been measured by H1 and ZEUS at HERA. Both NC and CC results based on data taken during the year 1994-2000 are in good agreement with Standard Model expectations. The structure function xF_3 is extracted fro
Solar flares - the most powerful explosions in the solar system - are also efficient particle accelerators, capable of energizing a large number of charged particles to relativistic speeds. A termination shock is often invoked in the standard model o
Successful phenomenological models of pulsar wind nebulae assume efficient dissipation of the Poynting flux of the magnetized electron-positron wind as well as efficient acceleration of the pairs in the vicinity of the termination shock, but how this
BESIII experiment has collected about 20 fb$^{-1}$ luminosity data between $sqrt{s}=3.8$ and 4.7 GeV via $e^{+}e^{-}$ collision. In this talk, we present the recent $XYZ$ results at BESIII, including mass and width measurements of $Y(4220)$, search f