We investigate the gravitational wave (GW) signal generated by a population of double neutron-star binaries (DNS) with eccentric orbits caused by kicks during supernova collapse and binary evolution. The DNS population of a standard Milky-Way type ga
laxy has been studied as a function of star formation history, initial mass function (IMF) and metallicity and of the binary-star common-envelope ejection process. The model provides birth rates, merger rates and total numbers of DNS as a function of time. The GW signal produced by this population has been computed and expressed in terms of a hypothetical space GW detector (eLISA) by calculating the number of discrete GW signals at different confidence levels, where `signal refers to detectable GW strain in a given frequency-resolution element. In terms of the parameter space explored, the number of DNS-originating GW signals is greatest in regions of recent star formation, and is significantly increased if metallicity is reduced from 0.02 to 0.001, consistent with Belczynski10a. Increasing the IMF power-law index (from --2.5 to --1.5) increases the number of GW signals by a large factor. This number is also much higher for models where the common-envelope ejection is treated using the $alpha-$mechanism (energy conservation) than when using the $gamma-$mechanism (angular-momentum conservation). We have estimated the total number of detectable DNS GW signals from the Galaxy by combining contributions from thin disc, thick disc, bulge and halo. The most probable numbers for an eLISA-type experiment are 0-1600 signals per year at S/N$geqslant$1, 0-900 signals per year at S/N$geqslant$3, and 0-570 at S/N$geqslant$5, coming from about 0-65, 0-60 and 0-50 resolved DNS respectively.
The expected gravitational wave (GW) signal due to double degenerates (DDs) in the thin Galactic disc is calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation. The number of young close DDs that will contribute observable discrete signals in the frequency range
$1.58 - 15.8$ mHz is estimated by comparison with the sensitivity of proposed GW observatories. The present-day DD population is examined as a function of Galactic star-formation history alone. It is shown that the frequency distribution, in particular, is a sensitive function of the Galactic star formation history and could be used to measure the time since the last major star-formation epoch.
We present the numerical simulations for an electron-beam-driven and loss-cone-driven electron-cyclotron maser (ECM) with different plasma parameters and different magnetic field strengths for a relatively small region and short time-scale in an atte
mpt to interpret the recent discovered intense radio emission from ultracool dwarfs. We find that a large amount of electromagnetic field energy can be effectively released from the beam-driven ECM, which rapidly heats the surrounding plasma. A rapidly developed high-energy tail of electrons in velocity space (resulting from the heating process of the ECM) may produce the radio continuum depending on the initial strength of the external magnetic field and the electron beam current. Both significant linear polarization and circular polarization of electromagnetic waves can be obtained from the simulations. The spectral energy distributions of the simulated radio waves show that harmonics may appear from 10 to 70$ u_{rm pe}$ ($ u_{rm pe}$ is the electron plasma frequency) in the non-relativistic case and from 10 to 600$ u_{rm pe}$ in the relativistic case, which makes it difficult to find the fundamental cyclotron frequency in the observed radio frequencies. A wide frequency band should therefore be covered by future radio observations.
We investigate the relation between the star formation history and the evolution of the double-degenerate (DD) population in the thin disc of the Galaxy, which we assume to have formed 10 Gyr before the present. We introduce the use of star-formation
contribution functions as a device for evaluating the birth rates, total number and merger rates of DDs. These contribution functions help to demonstrate the relation between star-formation history and the current DD population and, in particular, show how the numbers of different types of DD are sensitive to different epochs of star formation. We have compared the impact of different star-formation models on the rates and numbers of DDs and on the rates of type Ia (SNIa) and core-collapse supernovae (ccSN). In addition to a quasi-exponential decline model, we considered an instantaneous (or initial starburst) model, a constant-rate model, and an enhanced-rate model. All were normalised to produce the present observed star density in the local thin disc. The evolution of the rates and numbers of both DDs and SNIa are different in all four models, but are most markedly different in the instantaneous star-formation model, which produces a much higher rate than the other three models in the past, primarily as a consequence of the normalisation. Predictions of the current SNIa rate range from ~2 to 5times10^{-4} yr^{-1} in the four models, and are slightly below the observed rate because we only consider the DD merger channel. The predicted ccSN rate ranges from 1.5 to 3 century^{-1}, and is consistent with observations.
Recently unanticipated magnetic activity in ultracool dwarfs (UCDs, spectral classes later than M7) have emerged from a number of radio observations. The highly (up to 100%) circularly polarized nature and high brightness temperature of the emission
has been interpreted as an effective amplification mechanism of the high-frequency electromagnetic waves, the electron cyclotron maser instability (ECMI). In order to understand the magnetic topology and the properties of the radio emitting region and associated plasmas in these ultracool dwarfs and interpret the origin of radio pulses and their radiation mechanism, we built an active region model, based on the rotation of the UCD and the ECMI mechanism. ECMI mechanism is responsible for the radio bursts from the magnetic tubes and the rotation of the dwarf can modulate the integral of flux with respect to time. The high degree of variability in the brightness and the diverse profile of pulses can be interpreted in terms of a large-scale hot active region with extended magnetic structure existing in the magnetosphere of TVLM 513-46546. We suggest the time profile of the radio light curve is in the form of power law in the model. The radio emitting region consists of complicated substructure. With this model, we can determine the nature (e.g. size, temperature, density) of the radio emitting region and plasma. The magnetic topology can also be constrained. We compare our predicted X-ray flux with Chandra X-ray observation of TVLM 513-46546. Although the X-ray detection is only marginally significant, our predicted flux is significantly lower than the observed flux. We suggest more observations at multi-wavelength will help us understand the magnetic field structure and plasma behavior on the ultracool dwarf.
Using a detailed Galactic model in which we consider distinct contributions from the bulge, thin disc, thick disc, and halo, and a population synthesis approach, we determined the birth rates, numbers, and period distributions of double white dwarfs
(DWDs) within each component. In the Galaxy as a whole, our model predicts the current birth rate of DWDs to be 3.21x10^{-2} yr^{-1}, the local density to be 2.2x10^{-4} pc^{-3} and the total number to be 2.76x10^{8}. Assuming SNIa are formed from the merger of two CO white dwarfs, the SNIa rate should be 0.0013 yr^{-1}. The frequency spectra of DWD strain amplitude and number distribution are presented as a function of galactic component, DWD type, formation channel, and metallicity. We confirm that CO+He and He+He white dwarf (WD) pairs should dominate the GW signal at very high frequencies (log f Hz^{-1} > -2.3), while CO+CO and ONeMg WD pairs have a dominant contribution at log f Hz^{-1} < -2.3. Formation channels involving two common-envelope (CE) phases or a stable Roche lobe overflow phase followed by a CE phase dominate the production of DWDs detectable by LISA at log f Hz^{-1} > -4.5. DWDs with the shortest orbital periods will come from the CE+CE channel. The Exposed Core plus CE channel is a minor channel. A number of resolved DWDs would be detected, making up 0.012% of the total number of DWDs in the Galaxy. The majority of these would be CO+He and He+He pairs formed through the CE+CE channel.
In this study, we concentrate on the formation and evolution of hot subdwarfs binaries through the stable Roche lobe overflow (RLOF) channel of intermediate-mass binaries. We aim at setting out the properties of hot subdwarfs and their progenitors, s
o that we can understand the formation and evolution of hot subdwarfs comprehensively. We have obtained the ranges of the initial parameters of progenitor binaries and the properties of hot subdwarfs through the stable RLOF channel of intermediate-mass binaries, e.g. mass, envelope mass and age of hot subdwarfs. We have found that hot subdwarfs could be formed through the stable Roche lobe overflow at main sequence and Hertzsprung gap. We have also found that some subdwarf B or OB stars have anomalous high mass (around 1 solar mass) with thick envelope (0.07 solar mass to 0.16 solar mass) in our models. By comparing our theoretical results with observations on the hot subdwarfs in open clusters, we suppose a quantity of hot subdwarfs in binary systems might be found in open clusters in the future.
