Within the framework of a (1+1)--dimensional model which mimics high energy QCD, we study the behavior of the cross sections for inclusive and diffractive deep inelastic $gamma^*h$ scattering cross sections. We analyze the cases of both fixed and run
ning coupling within the mean field approximation, in which the evolution of the scattering amplitude is described by the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation, and also through the pomeron loop equations, which include in the evolution the gluon number fluctuations. In the diffractive case, similarly to the inclusive one, the suppression of the diffusive scaling, as a consequence of the inclusion of the running of the coupling, is observed.
We search for signatures of the extra neutral gauge boson $ Z^prime$, predicted in some extensions of the Standard Model, from the analysis of some distributions for $p + p longrightarrow mu^+ + mu^- + X$, where the only exotic particle involved is $
Z^prime$. In addition to the invariant mass and charge asymmetry distributions, we propose in our search to use the transverse momentum distribution ($p_T$) as an observable. We do our calculation for two values of the LHC center of mass energy (7 and 14 TeV), corresponding to 1 and 100 fb$^{-1}$ of luminosity, in order to compare our findings from some models with the distributions following from the Standard Model. By applying convenient cuts in the invariant mass, we show that the final particles $p_T$ distributions can reveal the presence of an extra neutral gauge boson contribution. We also claim that it is possible to disentangle the models considered here and we emphasize that the minimal version of the model, based on ${SU (3)_C times SU (3)_L times U (1)_X}$ symmetry, presents the more clear signatures for $ Z^prime$ existence.
One of the first channels to be experimentally analyzed at the LHC is $ p + p longrightarrow l^+ + l ^- + X $. A resonance in this channel would be a clear indication of a new gauge neutral boson, as proposed in many extended models. In this paper we
call attention to the possibility that the new resonance in this channel could have spin zero. A new high mass spin zero state could be a strong indication of the composite nature of the standard model particles. We have made a comparison between spin zero and spin one for the new hypothetical heavy gauge particle production and decays and we show some distributions that can easily identify their spins.
The production of $W^+ W^-$ pair in hadron colliders was calculated up to loop corrections by some authors in the Electroweak standard model (SM) framework. This production was also calculated, at the tree level, in some extensions of the SM such as
the vector singlet, the fermion mirror fermion and the vector doublet models by considering the contributions of new neutral gauge bosons and exotic fermions. The obtained results for $e^+ e^-$ and $pp$ collisions pointed out that the new physics contributions are quite important. This motivates us to calculate the production of a more massive charged gauge boson predicted by the ${SU (3)_C times SU (3)_L times U (1)_X}$ model (3-3-1 model). Thus, the aim of the present paper is to analyze the role played by of the extra gauge boson ${Z^prime}$ and of the exotic quarks, predicted in the minimal version of the 3-3-1 model, by considering the inclusive production of a pair of bileptons ($V^pm$) in the reaction $p + p longrightarrow V^+ + V^- + X$, at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energies. Our results show that the correct energy behavior of the elementary cross section follows from the balance between the contributions of the extra neutral gauge boson with those from the exotic quarks. The extra neutral gauge boson induces flavor-changing neutral currents (FCNC) at tree level, and we have introduced the ordinary quark mixing matrices for the model when the first family transforms differently to the other two with respect to $SU(3)_L$. We obtain a huge number of heavy bilepton pairs produced for two different values of the center of mass energy of the LHC.
We establish some signatures of the extra bilepton boson ${X^0}$ predicted in the ${SU (3)_C times SU (3)_L times U (1)_X}$ model with right-handed neutrinos. We analyze the process $p + p longrightarrow X^0 +X^{0*} + {hbox {anything}}$, for center o
f mass energy regime of the Large Hadron Collider. The main contributions for the neutral bilepton production in $q bar q$ process come from the $s-$channel ($Z$ and $Z^prime$ exchanges), when the initial quarks have charge 2/3, and from an additional $t-$channel (heavy quark exchange) when they have -1/3 of the positron electric charge. We calculate some distributions of the final bileptons and from these results we conclude that LHC can show a clear signature for the existence of the $X^0$ predicted in the 3-3-1 model.
Among the dipole models of deep inelastic scattering at small values of the Bjorken variable $x$, one has been recently proposed which relates the virtual photon-proton cross section to the dipole-proton forward scattering amplitude in momentum space
. The latter is parametrized by an expression which interpolates between its behavior at saturation and the travelling wave, ultraviolet, amplitudes predicted by perturbative QCD from the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation. Inspired by recent developments in coordinate space, we use this model to parametrize the proton structure function and confront it to HERA data on $ep$ deep inelastic scattering. Both event-by-event and the physical amplitudes are considered, the latter used to investigate the effect of gluon number fluctuations, beyond the mean-field approximation. We conclude that fluctuations are not present in DIS at HERA energies.
