Symmetries of Einstein-Yang-Mills (EYM) amplitudes, together with the recursive expansions, induce nontrivial identities for pure Yang-Mills amplitudes. In the previous work cite{Hou:2018bwm}, we have already proven that the identities induced from t
ree level single-trace EYM amplitudes can be precisely expanded in terms of BCJ relations. In this paper, we extend the discussions to those identities induced from all tree level emph{multi-trace} EYM amplitudes. Particularly, we establish a refined graphic rule for multi-trace EYM amplitudes and then show that the induced identities can be fully decomposed in terms of BCJ relations.
All tree-level amplitudes in Einstein-Yang-Mills (EYM) theory and gravity (GR) can be expanded in terms of color ordered Yang-Mills (YM) ones whose coefficients are polynomial functions of Lorentz inner products and are constructed by a graphic rule.
Once the gauge invariance condition of any graviton is imposed, the expansion of a tree level EYM or gravity amplitude induces a nontrivial identity between color ordered YM amplitudes. Being different from traditional Kleiss-Kuijf (KK) and Bern-Carrasco-Johansson (BCJ) relations, the gauge invariance induced identity includes polarizations in the coefficients. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between the gauge invariance induced identity and traditional BCJ relations. By proposing a refined graphic rule, we prove that all the gauge invariance induced identities for single trace tree-level EYM amplitudes can be precisely expanded in terms of traditional BCJ relations, without referring any property of polarizations. When further considering the transversality of polarizations and momentum conservation, we prove that the gauge invariance induced identity for tree-level GR (or pure YM) amplitudes can also be expanded in terms of traditional BCJ relations for YM (or bi-scalar) amplitudes. As a byproduct, a graph-based BCJ relation is proposed and proved.
In this paper, we provide a thorough study on the expansion of single trace Einstein-Yang-Mills amplitudes into linear combination of color-ordered Yang-Mills amplitudes, from various different perspectives. Using the gauge invariance principle, we p
ropose a recursive construction, where EYM amplitude with any number of gravitons could be expanded into EYM amplitudes with less number of gravitons. Through this construction, we can write down the complete expansion of EYM amplitude in the basis of color-ordered Yang-Mills amplitudes. As a byproduct, we are able to write down the polynomial form of BCJ numerator, i.e., numerators satisfying the color-kinematic duality, for Yang-Mills amplitude. After the discussion of gauge invariance, we move to the BCFW on-shell recursion relation and discuss how the expansion can be understood from the on-shell picture. Finally, we show how to interpret the expansion from the aspect of KLT relation and the way of evaluating the expansion coefficients efficiently.
For a physical field theory, the tree-level amplitudes should possess only single poles. However, when computing amplitudes with Cachazo-He-Yuan (CHY) formulation, individual terms in the intermediate steps will contribute higher-order poles. In this
paper, we investigate the cancelation of higher-order poles in CHY formula with Pfaffian as the building block. We develop a diagrammatic rule for expanding the reduced Pfaffian. Then by organizing diagrams in appropriate groups and applying the cross-ratio identities, we show that all potential contributions to higher-order poles in the reduced Pfaffian are canceled out, i.e., only single poles survive in Yang-Mills theory and gravity. Furthermore, we show the cancelations of higher-order poles in other field theories by introducing appropriate truncations, based on the single pole structure of Pfaffian.
In this talk, we review our recent work on direct evaluation of tree-level MHV amplitudes by Cachazo-He-Yuan (CHY) formula. We also investigate the correspondence between solutions to scattering equations and amplitudes in four dimensions along this
line. By substituting the MHV solution of scattering equations into the integrated CHY formula, we explicitly calculate the tree-level MHV amplitudes for four dimensional Yang-Mills theory and gravity. These results naturally reproduce the Parke-Taylor and Hodges formulas. In addition, we derive a new compact formula for tree-level single-trace MHV amplitudes in Einstein-Yang-Mills theory, which is equivalent to the known Selivanov-Bern-De Freitas-Wong (SBDW) formula. Other solutions do not contribute to the MHV amplitudes in Yang-Mills theory, gravity and Einstein-Yang-Mills theory. We further investigate the correspondence between solutions of scattering equation and helicity configurations beyond MHV and proposed a method for characterizing solutions of scattering equations.
In this note, we investigate relations between tree-level off-shell currents in nonlinear sigma model. Under Cayley parametrization, all odd-point currents vanish. We propose and prove a generalized $U(1)$ identity for even-point currents. The off-sh
ell $U(1)$ identity given in [1] is a special case of the generalized identity studied in this note. The on-shell limit of this identity is equivalent with the on-shell KK relation. Thus this relation provides the full off-shell correspondence of tree-level KK relation in nonlinear sigma model.
Recently, new soft graviton theorem proposed by Cachazo and Strominger has inspired a lot of works. In this note, we use the KLT-formula to investigate the theorem. We have shown how the soft behavior of color ordered Yang-Mills amplitudes can be com
bined with KLT relation to give the soft behavior of gravity amplitudes. As a byproduct, we find two nontrivial identities of the KLT momentum kernel must hold.
We present an algorithm that leads to BCJ numerators satisfying manifestly the three properties proposed by Broedel and Carrasco in [35]. We explicitly calculate the numerators at 4, 5 and 6-points and show that the relabeling property is generically satisfied.
In this work, we extend the construction of dual color decomposition in Yang-Mills theory to one-loop level, i.e., we show how to write one-loop integrands in Yang-Mills theory to the dual DDM-form and the dual trace-form. In dual forms, integrands a
re decomposed in terms of color-ordered one-loop integrands for color scalar theory with proper dual color coefficients.In dual DDM decomposition, The dual color coefficients can be obtained directly from BCJ-form by applying Jacobi-like identities for kinematic factors. In dual trace decomposition, the dual trace factors can be obtained by imposing one-loop KK relations, reflection relation and their relation with the kinematic factors in dual DDM-form.
In this paper, we investigate tree-level scattering amplitude relations in $U(N)$ non-linear sigma model. We use Cayley parametrization. As was shown in the recent works [23,24] both on-shell amplitudes and off-shell currents with odd points have to
vanish under Cayley parametrization. We prove the off-shell $U(1)$ identity and fundamental BCJ relation for even-point currents. By taking the on-shell limits of the off-shell relations, we show that the color-ordered tree amplitudes with even points satisfy $U(1)$-decoupling identity and fundamental BCJ relation, which have the same formations within Yang-Mills theory. We further state that all the on-shell general KK, BCJ relations as well as the minimal-basis expansion are also satisfied by color-ordered tree amplitudes. As a consequence of the relations among color-ordered amplitudes, the total $2m$-point tree amplitudes satisfy DDM form of color decomposition as well as KLT relation.
