We analyze the exclusive $phi$-meson photoproduction on both hydrogen and deuterium targets based on the published data of CLAS, SAPHIR and LEPS collaborations. A dipole-form scalar gravitational form factor is applied to describe the $|t|$-dependenc
e of the differential cross section. From the precise CLAS data of wide $|t|$ range, we find that the proton and deuteron mass radii are $0.62 pm 0.09$ fm and $1.94 pm 0.45$ fm respectively. The coherent and near-threshold quarkonium photoproduction seems to be sensitive to the radius of the hadronic system. The vector-meson-dominance model together with a low-energy QCD theorem well describe the data of the near-threshold $phi$ photoproduction on the hadronic systems.
We study the internal structure of the proton and propose a shell structure model of the proton. Based on the mass distribution and mass radius of proton we analyze the experiments at different energy scales and conclude that there should be shell st
ructure inside proton, and the quark and gluon shells are energy-scale-dependent. We successfully explain the dip-like structure in the proton-proton elastic scattering cross section distribution from TOTEM Collaboration using the mass decomposition of proton and the proton shell structure at different energy scales.
In order to reveal the difference between the latest neutron star observation experiment GW170817 and the existing theory, we mainly consider the effect of the nucleon radius on the neutron star from the existing theory. We believe that the effect of
nucleon radius in neutron star is not negligible, and the mass radius of nucleon should be used instead of the charge radius. The nucleon mass radius is set as $r_m = 0.55pm0.09$ fm from the new measurements. It is considered as an input to the Excluded Volume Effects model in the equation of state of nuclear matter. We propose a novel neutron star mass-radius relation by using proton mass radius is consistent with the observation GW170817.
We apply a color tripole ansatz for describing the $D$-term of the proton. By fitting the experimental data of the vector meson J/$psi$ and $phi$ photoproductions near the thresholds, we firstly obtained the gluonic $D$-term of the proton. $D_g(0)$ i
s estimated to be $-2.16pm0.42$ for J/$psi$ and $-1.31pm0.48$ for $phi$, and the mechanical root mean square radius of proton is estimated to be $0.61pm0.29$ fm for $phi$ and $0.42pm0.11$ fm for J/$psi$.
The photoproduction of bottomonium-like states $Z_{b}(10610)$ and $Z_{b}(10650)$ via $gamma p$ scattering is studied within an effectiv Lagrangian approach and the vector-meson-dominance model. The Regge model is employed to calculate the photoproduc
tion of $Z_{b}$ states via $t$-channel with $pi$ exchange.The numerical results show that the values of the total cross-sections of $Z_{b}(10610)$ and $Z_{b}(10650)$ can reach 0.09 nb and 0.02 nb, respectively, near the center of mass energy of 22 GeV. The experimental measurements and studies on the photoproduction of $Z_{b}$ states near energy region around $Wsimeq 22$ GeV is suggested. Moreover, with the help of eSTARlight and STARlight programs, one obtains the cross-sections and event numbers of $Z_{b}(10610)$ production in electron-ion collision (EIC) and Ultraperipheral collisions (UPCs). The results show that a considerable number of events from $Z_{b}(10610)$ can be produced on the relevant experiments of EICs and UPCs. Also, one calculates the rates and kinematic distributions for $gamma prightarrow Z_{b}n$ in $ep$ and $pA$ collisions via EICs and UPCs, and the relevant results will provide an important reference for the RHIC, LHC, EIC-US, LHeC, and FCC experiments to search for the bottomonium-like $Z_{b}$ states.
