A quandle is a set that has a binary operation satisfying three conditions corresponding to the Reidemeister moves. Homology theories of quandles have been developed in a way similar to group homology, and have been applied to knots and knotted surfa
ces. In this paper, a homology theory is defined that unifies group and quandle homology theories. A quandle that is a union of groups with the operation restricting to conjugation on each group component is called a multiple conjugation quandle (MCQ, defined rigorously within). In this definition, compatibilities between the group and quandle operations are imposed which are motivated by considerations on colorings of handlebody-links. A homology theory defined here for MCQs take into consideration both group and quandle operations, as well as their compatibility. The first homology group is characterized, and the notion of extensions by $2$-cocycles is provided. Degenerate subcomplexes are defined in relation to simplicial decompositions of prismatic (products of simplices) complexes and group inverses. Cocycle invariants are also defined for handlebody-links.
The structures of the hyperon resonance $Lambda (1405)$ and the scalar mesons $sigma$, $f_{0}(980)$, and $a_{0}(980)$ are investigated based on the coupled-channels chiral dynamics with finite volume effect. The finite volume effect is utilized to ex
tract the coupling constant, compositeness, and mean squared distance between two constituents of a Feshbach resonance state as well as a stable bound state. In this framework, the real-valued size of the resonance can be defined from the downward shift of the resonance pole according to the decreasing finite box size $L$ on a given closed channel. As a result, we observe that, when putting the $bar{K}N$ and $Kbar{K}$ channels into a finite box while other channels being unchanged, the poles of the higher $Lambda (1405)$ and $f_{0}(980)$ move to lower energies while other poles do not show downward mass shift, which implies large $bar{K}N$ and $Kbar{K}$ components inside higher $Lambda (1405)$ and $f_{0}(980)$, respectively. Extracting structures of $Lambda (1405)$ and $f_{0}(980)$ in our method, we find that the compositeness of $bar{K}N$ ($Kbar{K}$) inside $Lambda (1405)$ [$f_{0}(980)$] is 0.82-1.03 (0.73-0.97) and the mean distance between two constituents is evaluated as 1.7-1.9 fm (2.6-3.0 fm).
Large-scale faint structure detected by the recent observations in the halo of the Andromeda galaxy (M31) provides an attractive window to explore the structure of outer cold dark matter (CDM) halo in M31. Using an N-body simulation of the interactio
n between an accreting satellite galaxy and M31, we investigate the mass density profile of the CDM halo. We find the sufficient condition of the outer density profile of CDM halo in M31 to reproduce the Andromeda giant stream and the shells at the east and west sides of M31. The result indicates that the density profile of the outer dark matter halo of M31 is a steeper than the prediction of the theory of the structure formation based on the CDM model.
We study fundamental properties of steady, spherically symmetric, isothermal galactic outflow in appropriate gravitational potential models. We aim at constructing a universal scale free theory not only for galactic winds, but also for winds from clu
sters/groups of galaxies. In particular, we consider effects of mass-density distribution on the formation of transonic galactic outflows under several models of the density distribution profile predicted by cosmological simulations of structure formation based on the cold dark matter (CDM) scenario. In this study, we have clarified that there exists two types of transonic solutions: outflows from the central region and from distant region with a finite radius, depending upon the density distribution of the system. The system with sufficiently steep density gradient at the center is allowed to have the transonic outflows from the center. The resultant criterion intriguingly indicates that the density gradient at the center must be steeper than that of the prediction of conventional CDM model including Navarro, Frenk & White (1997) and Moore et al. (1999). This result suggests that an additional steeper density distribution originated by baryonic systems such as the stellar component and/or the central massive black hole is required to realize transonic outflow from the central region. On the other hand, we predict the outflow, which is started at the outskirts of the galactic center and is slowly-accelerated without any drastic energy injection like starburst events. These transonic outflows may contribute secularly to the metal enrichment of the intergalactic medium.
ATF2 is a final-focus test beam line which aims to focus the low emittance beam from the ATF damping ring to a vertical size of about 37 nm and to demonstrate nanometer level beam stability. Several advanced beam diagnostics and feedback tools are us
ed. In December 2008, construction and installation were completed and beam commissioning started, supported by an international team of Asian, European, and U.S. scientists. The present status and first results are described.
By 2-twist-spinning the knotted graph that represents the knotted handlebody $5_2$, we obtain a knotted foam in 4-dimensional space with a non-trivial quandle cocycle invariant.
Imaginary-time Nambu-Bethe-Salpeter (NBS) wave function is introduced to extend our previous approach for hadron-hadron interactions on the lattice. Scattering states of hadrons with different energies encoded in the NBS wave-function are utilized to
extract non-local hadron-hadron potential. The ground state saturation, which is commonly used in lattice QCD but is hard to be achieved for multi-baryons, is not required. We demonstrate that the present method works efficiently for the nucleon-nucleon interaction (the potential and the phase shift) in the 1S_0 channel.
Neutron energy spectrum from 120 GeV protons on a thick copper target was measured at the Meson Test Beam Facility (MTBF) at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The data allows for evaluation of neutron production process implemented in theoretica
l simulation codes. It also helps exploring the reasons for some disagreement between calculation results and shielding benchmark data taken at high energy accelerator facilities, since it is evaluated separately from neutron transport. The experiment was carried out using a 120 GeV proton beam of 3E5 protons/spill. Since the spill duration was 4 seconds, proton-induced events were counted pulse by pulse. The intensity was maintained using diffusers and collimators installed in the beam line to MTBF. The protons hit a copper block target the size of which is 5cm x 5cm x 60 cm long. The neutrons produced in the target were measured using NE213 liquid scintillator detectors, placed about 5.5 m away from the target at 30^{circ} and 5 m 90^{circ} with respect to the proton beam axis. The neutron energy was determined by time-of-flight technique using timing difference between the NE213 and a plastic scintillator located just before the target. Neutron detection efficiency of NE213 was determined on basis of experimental data from the high energy neutron beam line at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The neutron spectrum was compared with the results of multi-particle transport codes to validate the implemented theoretical models. The apparatus would be applied to future measurements to obtain a systematic data set for secondary particle production on various target materials.
Three-nucleon forces (3NF) are investigated from two-flavor lattice QCD simulations. We utilize the Nambu-Bethe-Salpeter (NBS) wave function to determine two-nucleon forces (2NF) and 3NF in the same framework. As a first exploratory study, we extract
3NF in which three nucleons are aligned linearly with an equal spacing. This is the simplest geometrical configuration which reduces the huge computational cost of calculating the NBS wave function. Quantum numbers of the three-nucleon system are chosen to be (I, J^P)=(1/2,1/2^+) (the triton channel). Lattice QCD simulations are performed using N_f=2 dynamical clover fermion configurations at the lattice spacing of a = 0.156 fm on a 16^3 x 32 lattice with a large quark mass corresponding to m_pi= 1.13 GeV. We find repulsive 3NF at short distance in the triton channel. Several sources of systematic errors are also discussed.
An extension of the Luschers finite volume method above inelastic thresholds is proposed. It is fulfilled by extendind the procedure recently proposed by HAL-QCD Collaboration for a single channel system. Focusing on the asymptotic behaviors of the N
ambu-Bethe-Salpeter (NBS) wave functions (equal-time) near spatial infinity, a coupled channel extension of effective Schrodinger equation is constructed by introducing an energy-independent interaction kernel. Because the NBS wave functions contain the information of T-matrix at long distance, S-matrix can be obtained by solving the coupled channel effective Schrodinger equation in the infinite volume.
