In this work it is shown that 20 canonical amino acids (AAs) within genetic code appear to be a whole system with strict distinction in Genetic Code Table (GCT) into some different quantums: 20, 23, 61 amino acid molecules. These molecules distinctio
n is followed by specific balanced atom number and/or nucleon number distinctions within those molecules. In this second version two appendices are added; also a new version of Periodic system of numbers, whose first verson is given in arXiv:1107.1998 [q-bio.OT].
It is shown that there is a sense in splitting Genetic Code Table (GCT) into three parts using the harmonic mean, calculated by the formula H (a, b) = 2ab / (a + b), where a = 63 and b = 31.5. Within these three parts, the amino acids (AAs) are posit
ioned on the basis of the validity of the evident regularities of key parameters, such as polarity, hydrophobicity and enzyme-mediated amino acid classification. In addition, there are obvious balances of the number of atoms in the nucleotide triplets and corresponding amino acid groups and/or classes.
This paper presents, for the first time, four diversity types of protein amino acids. The first type includes two amino acids (G, P), both without standard hydrocarbon side chains; the second one four amino acids, as two pairs [(A, L), (V, I)], all w
ith standard hydrocarbon side chains; the third type comprises the six amino acids, as three pairs [(F, Y), (H, W), (C, M)], two aromatic, two hetero aromatic and two hetero non-aromatic); finally, the fourth type consists of eight amino acids, as four pairs [(S, T), (D, E), (N, Q), (K, R)], all with a functional group which also exists in amino acid functional group (wholly presented: H2N-.CH-COOH; separately: OH, COOH, CONH2, NH2). The insight into existence of four types of diversity was possible only after an insight into the existence of some very new arithmetical regularities, which were so far unknown. Also, as for showing these four types was necessary to reveal the relationships between several key harmonic structures of the genetic code (which we presented in our previous works), this paper is also a review article of the authors researches of the genetic code. By this, the review itself shows that the said harmonic structures are connected through the same (or near the same) chemically determined amino acid pairs, 10 pairs out of the 190 possible.
It is presented that the positions of amino acids within Genetic Code Table follow from strict their physical and chemical properties as well as from a pure formal determination by the Golden mean.
This note represents the further progress in understanding the determination of the genetic code by Golden mean (Rakocevic, 1998). Three classes of amino acids that follow from this determination (the 7 golden amino acids, 7 of their complements, and
6 non-complements) are observed now together with two further possible splittings into 4 x 5 and 5 x 4 amino acids.
