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This paper presents, for the first time, four diversity types of protein amino acids. The first type includes two amino acids (G, P), both without standard hydrocarbon side chains; the second one four amino acids, as two pairs [(A, L), (V, I)], all with standard hydrocarbon side chains; the third type comprises the six amino acids, as three pairs [(F, Y), (H, W), (C, M)], two aromatic, two hetero aromatic and two hetero non-aromatic); finally, the fourth type consists of eight amino acids, as four pairs [(S, T), (D, E), (N, Q), (K, R)], all with a functional group which also exists in amino acid functional group (wholly presented: H2N-.CH-COOH; separately: OH, COOH, CONH2, NH2). The insight into existence of four types of diversity was possible only after an insight into the existence of some very new arithmetical regularities, which were so far unknown. Also, as for showing these four types was necessary to reveal the relationships between several key harmonic structures of the genetic code (which we presented in our previous works), this paper is also a review article of the authors researches of the genetic code. By this, the review itself shows that the said harmonic structures are connected through the same (or near the same) chemically determined amino acid pairs, 10 pairs out of the 190 possible.
In this work it is shown that 20 canonical amino acids (AAs) within genetic code appear to be a whole system with strict AAs positions; more exactly, with AAs ordinal number in three variants; first variant 00-19, second 00-21 and third 00-20. The or
The correlations of primary and secondary structures were analyzed using proteins with known structure from Protein Data Bank. The correlation values of amino acid type and the eight secondary structure types at distant position were calculated for d
The twenty protein coding amino acids are found in proteomes with different relative abundances. The most abundant amino acid, leucine, is nearly an order of magnitude more prevalent than the least abundant amino acid, cysteine. Amino acid metabolic
The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins (amino acid sequences) by living cells. The code defines a mapping between tri-nucleotide sequences, called codon
In several previous works, I presented the mirror symmetry in the set of protein amino acids, expressed through the number of atoms. Here, however, the same thing is shown but over the number of nucleons and molecules mass. Compared to the previous v