We present sub-arcsecond resolution ALMA imaging of the CO(3-2) emission in two $zsim2.5$ heavily reddened quasars (HRQs) - ULASJ1234+0907 and ULASJ2315+0143 - and their companion galaxies. Dynamical modeling of the resolved velocity fields enables u
s to constrain the molecular gas morphologies and host galaxy masses. Combining the new data with extensive multi-wavelength observations, we are able to study the relative kinematics of different molecular emission lines, the molecular gas fractions and the locations of the quasars on the M$_{rm{BH}}$-M$_{rm{gal}}$ relation. Despite having similar black-hole properties, the two HRQs display markedly different host galaxy properties and local environments. J1234 has a very massive host, M$_{rm{dyn}} sim 5 times 10^{11}$M$_odot$ and two companion galaxies that are similarly massive located within 200 kpc of the quasar. The molecular gas fraction is low ($sim$6%). The significant ongoing star formation in the host galaxy is entirely obscured at rest-frame UV and optical wavelengths. J2315 is resolved into a close-separation major-merger ($Delta$r=15 kpc; $Delta$v=170 km/s) with a $sim$1:2 mass ratio. The total dynamical mass is estimated to be $lesssim$10$^{11}$M$_odot$ and the molecular gas fraction is high ($>$45%). A new HSC image of the galaxy shows unobscured UV-luminous star-forming regions co-incident with the extended reservoir of cold molecular gas in the merger. We use the outputs from the Illustris simulations to track the growth of such massive black holes from $zsim6$ to the present day. While J1234 is consistent with the simulated $zsim2$ relation, J2315 has a black hole that is over-massive relative to its host galaxy.
Using data from SDSS, UKIDSS and WISE, we investigate the properties of the high-frequency cutoff to the infrared emission in $simeq$5000 carefully selected luminous ($L_{bol} simeq 10^{47}$) type 1 quasars. The strength of $simeq$2 $mu$m emission, c
orresponding to emission from the hottest (T>1200K) dust in the sublimation zone surrounding the central continuum source, is observed to correlate with the blueshift of the C IV $lambda$1550 emission line. We therefore find that objects with stronger signatures of nuclear outflows tend to have a larger covering fraction of sublimation-temperature dust. When controlling for the observed outflow strength, the hot dust covering fraction does not vary significantly across our sample as a function of luminosity, black hole mass or Eddington fraction. The correlation between the hot dust and the C IV line blueshifts, together with the lack of correlation between the hot dust and other parameters, therefore provides evidence of a link between the properties of the broad emission line region and the infrared-emitting dusty regions in quasars.
Using a sample of $simeq$144,000 quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey data release 14 we investigate the outflow properties, evident both in absorption and emission, of high-ionization Broad Absorption Line (BAL) and non-BAL quasars with redshif
ts 1.6 $lesssim z leq$ 3.5 and luminosities 45.3 $< log_{10}(L_{bol}) < $ 48.2 erg s$^{-1}$. Key to the investigation is a continuum and emission-line reconstruction scheme, based on mean-field independent component analysis, that allows the kinematic properties of the CIV$lambda$1550 emission line to be compared directly for both non-BAL and BAL quasars. CIV-emission blueshift and equivalent-width (EW) measurements are thus available for both populations. Comparisons of the emission-line and BAL-trough properties reveal strong systematic correlations between the emission and absorption properties. The dependence of quantitative outflow indicators on physical properties such as quasar luminosity and luminosity relative to Eddington-luminosity are also shown to be essentially identical for the BAL and non-BAL populations. There is an absence of BALs in quasars with the hardest spectral energy distributions (SEDs), revealed by the presence of strong HeII$lambda$1640 emission, large CIV$lambda$1550-emission EW and no measurable blueshift. In the remainder of the CIV-emission blueshift versus EW space, BAL and non-BAL quasars are present at all locations; for every BAL-quasar it is possible to identify non-BAL quasars with the same emission-line outflow properties and SED-hardness. The co-location of BAL and non-BAL quasars as a function of emission-line outflow and physical properties is the key result of our investigation, demonstrating that (high-ionization) BALs and non-BALs represent different views of the same underlying quasar population.
We characterise ionised gas outflows using a large sample of ~330 high-luminosity (45.5 < log(L_bol/erg s^-1) < 49.0), high-redshift (1.5 < z < 4.0) quasars via their [OIII]4960,5008 emission. The median velocity width of the [OIII] emission line is
1540 kms^-1, increasing with increasing quasar luminosity. Broad, blue-shifted wings are seen in the [OIII] profiles of 42 per cent of the sample. Rest-frame ultraviolet spectra with well-characterised CIV 1550 emission line properties are available for more than 210 quasars, allowing an investigation of the relationship between the Broad Line Region (BLR) and Narrow Line Region (NLR) emission properties. The [OIII] blueshift is correlated with CIV blueshift, even when the dependence of both quantities on quasar luminosity has been taken into account. A strong anti-correlation between the [OIII] equivalent width (EW) and CIV blueshift also exists. Furthermore, [OIII] is very weak, with EW<1A, in ~10 per cent of the sample, a factor of 10 higher compared to quasars at lower luminosities and redshifts. If the [OIII] emission originates in an extended NLR, the observations suggest that quasar-driven winds are capable of influencing the host-galaxy environment out to kilo-parsec scales. The mean kinetic power of the ionised gas outflows is then 10^44.7 erg s^-1, which is ~0.15 per cent of the bolometric luminosity of the quasar. These outflow efficiencies are broadly consistent with those invoked in current active galactic nuclei feedback models.
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) was revolutionary because of the extraordinary breadth and ambition of its optical imaging and spectroscopy. We argue that a sub-millimeter SDSS - a sensitive large-area imaging+spectroscopic survey in the sub-mm w
indow - will revolutionize our understanding of galaxy evolution in the early Universe. By detecting the thermal dust continuum emission and atomic and molecular line emission of galaxies out to z~10 it will be possible to measure the redshifts, star formation rates, dust and gas content of hundreds of thousands of high-z galaxies down to ~L*. Many of these galaxies will have counterparts visible in the deep optical imaging of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. This 3D map of galaxy evolution will span the peak epoch of galaxy formation all the way back to cosmic dawn, measuring the co-evolution of the star formation rate density and molecular gas content of galaxies, tracking the production of metals and charting the growth of large-scale structure.
The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will enable revolutionary studies of galaxies, dark matter, and black holes over cosmic time. The LSST Galaxies Science Collaboration has identified a host of preparatory research tasks required to leverage
fully the LSST dataset for extragalactic science beyond the study of dark energy. This Galaxies Science Roadmap provides a brief introduction to critical extragalactic science to be conducted ahead of LSST operations, and a detailed list of preparatory science tasks including the motivation, activities, and deliverables associated with each. The Galaxies Science Roadmap will serve as a guiding document for researchers interested in conducting extragalactic science in anticipation of the forthcoming LSST era.
We present ALMA observations of cold dust and molecular gas in four high-luminosity, heavily reddened (A$_{rm{V}} sim 2.5-6$ mag) Type 1 quasars at $zsim2.5$ with virial M$_{rm{BH}} sim 10^{10}$M$_odot$, to test whether dusty, massive quasars represe
nt the evolutionary link between submillimetre bright galaxies (SMGs) and unobscured quasars. All four quasars are detected in both the dust continuum and in the $^{12}$CO(3-2) line. The mean dust mass is 6$times$10$^{8}$M$_odot$ assuming a typical high redshift quasar spectral energy distribution (T=41K, $beta$=1.95 or T=47K, $beta$=1.6). The implied star formation rates are very high - $gtrsim$1000 M$_odot$ yr$^{-1}$ in all cases. Gas masses estimated from the CO line luminosities cover $sim$1-5$times10^{10}$($alpha_{rm{CO}} / 0.8$)M$_odot$ and the gas depletion timescales are very short - $sim5-20$Myr. A range of gas-to-dust ratios is observed in the sample. We resolve the molecular gas in one quasar - ULASJ2315$+$0143 ($z=2.561$) - which shows a strong velocity gradient over $sim$20 kpc. The velocity field is consistent with a rotationally supported gas disk but other scenarios, e.g. mergers, cannot be ruled out at the current resolution of these data. In another quasar - ULASJ1234+0907 ($z=2.503$) - we detected molecular line emission from two millimetre bright galaxies within 200 kpc of the quasar, suggesting that this quasar resides in a significant over-density. The high detection rate of both cold dust and molecular gas in these sources, suggests that reddened quasars could correspond to an early phase in massive galaxy formation associated with large gas reservoirs and significant star formation.
We study the 850um emission in X-ray selected AGN in the 2 sq-deg COSMOS field using new data from the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey. We find 19 850um bright X-ray AGN in a high-sensitivity region covering 0.89 sq-deg with flux densities of S850=4-
10 mJy. The 19 AGN span the full range in redshift and hard X-ray luminosity covered by the sample - 0.7<z<3.5 and 43.2<log10(LX) <45. We report a highly significant stacked 850um detection of a hard X-ray flux-limited population of 699 z>1 X-ray AGN - S850=0.71+/-0.08mJy. We explore trends in the stacked 850um flux densities with redshift, finding no evolution in the average cold dust emission over the redshift range probed. For Type 1 AGN, there is no significant correlation between the stacked 850um flux and hard X-ray luminosity. However, in Type 2 AGN the stacked submm flux is a factor of 2 higher at high luminosities. When averaging over all X-ray luminosities, no significant differences are found in the stacked submm fluxes of Type 1 and Type 2 AGN as well as AGN separated on the basis of X-ray hardness ratios and optical-to-infrared colours. However, at log10(LX) >44.4, dependences in average submm flux on the optical-to-infrared colours become more pronounced. We argue that these high luminosity AGN represent a transition from a secular to a merger-driven evolutionary phase where the star formation rates and accretion luminosities are more tightly coupled. Stacked AGN 850um fluxes are compared to the stacked fluxes of a mass-matched sample of K-band selected non-AGN galaxies. We find that at 10.5<log10(M*/M0)<11.5, the non-AGN 850um fluxes are 1.5-2x higher than in Type 2 AGN of equivalent mass. We suggest these differences are due to the presence of massive dusty, red starburst galaxies in the K-band selected non-AGN sample, which are not present in optically selected catalogues covering a smaller area.
We present the combination of optical data from the Science Verification phase of the Dark Energy Survey (DES) with near infrared data from the ESO VISTA Hemisphere Survey (VHS). The deep optical detections from DES are used to extract fluxes and ass
ociated errors from the shallower VHS data. Joint 7-band ($grizYJK$) photometric catalogues are produced in a single 3 sq-deg DECam field centred at 02h26m$-$04d36m where the availability of ancillary multi-wavelength photometry and spectroscopy allows us to test the data quality. Dual photometry increases the number of DES galaxies with measured VHS fluxes by a factor of $sim$4.5 relative to a simple catalogue level matching and results in a $sim$1.5 mag increase in the 80% completeness limit of the NIR data. Almost 70% of DES sources have useful NIR flux measurements in this initial catalogue. Photometric redshifts are estimated for a subset of galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts and initial results, although currently limited by small number statistics, indicate that the VHS data can help reduce the photometric redshift scatter at both $z<0.5$ and $z>1$. We present example DES+VHS colour selection criteria for high redshift Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs) at $zsim0.7$ as well as luminous quasars. Using spectroscopic observations in this field we show that the additional VHS fluxes enable a cleaner selection of both populations with $<$10% contamination from galactic stars in the case of spectroscopically confirmed quasars and $<0.5%$ contamination from galactic stars in the case of spectroscopically confirmed LRGs. The combined DES+VHS dataset, which will eventually cover almost 5000 sq-deg, will therefore enable a range of new science and be ideally suited for target selection for future wide-field spectroscopic surveys.
We characterise the stellar masses and star formation rates in a sample of almost 40000 spectroscopically confirmed UV luminous galaxies at 0.3<z<1.0 selected from within the WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey. In particular, we match this UV bright populati
on to wide-field infrared surveys such as the near infrared UKIDSS LAS and the mid infrared WISE All-Sky Survey. We find that ~30% of the UV luminous WiggleZ galaxies are detected at >5sigma in the UKIDSS-LAS at all redshifts. An even more luminous subset of 15% are also detected in the WISE 3.4 and 4.6um bands. We compute stellar masses for this very large sample of extremely blue galaxies and quantify the sensitivity of the stellar mass estimates to various assumptions made during the SED fitting. The median stellar masses are log10(M*/M0)=9.6pm0.7, 10.2pm0.5 and 10.4pm0.4 for the IR-undetected, UKIDSS detected and UKIDSS+WISE detected galaxies respectively. We demonstrate that the inclusion of NIR photometry can lead to tighter constraints on the stellar masses. The mass estimates are found to be most sensitive to the inclusion of secondary bursts of star formation as well as changes in the stellar population synthesis models, both of which can lead to median discrepancies of the order of 0.3dex in the stellar masses. We find that the best-fit M/LK is significantly lower (by ~0.4 dex) than that predicted by simple optical colour based estimators, in particular for the bluer galaxies with younger best-fit ages. The WiggleZ galaxies have star formation rates of 3-10 M0/yr and mostly lie at the upper end of the main sequence of star-forming galaxies at these redshifts. Their rest-frame UV luminosities and stellar masses are comparable to both local compact UV-luminous galaxies as well as Lyman break galaxies at z~2-3.(abridged)
