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We show that in the mathematical framework of the quantum theory the classical pigeonhole principle can be violated more directly than previously suggested, i.e., in a setting closer to the traditional statement of the principle. We describe how the counterfactual reasoning of the paradox may be operationally grounded in the analysis of the tiny footprints left in the environment by the pigeons. After identifying the drawbacks of recent experiments of the quantum pigeonhole effect, we argue that a definitive experimental violation of the pigeonhole principle is still needed and propose such an implementation using modern quantum computing hardware: a superconducting circuit with transmon qubits.
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Bibliometrics has the ambitious goal of measuring science. To this end, it exploits the way science is disseminated trough scientific publications and the resulting citation network of scientific papers. We survey the main historical contributions to the field, the most interesting bibliometric indicators, and the most popular bibliometric data sources. Moreover, we discuss distributions commonly used to model bibliometric phenomena and give an overview of methods to build bibliometric maps of science.
Simplification is one of the fundamental operations used in geoinformation science (GIS) to reduce size or representation complexity of geometric objects. Although different simplification methods can be applied depending on ones purpose, a simplification that many applications employ is designed to preserve their spatial properties after simplification. This article addresses one of the 2D simplification methods, especially working well on human-made structures such as 2D footprints of buildings and indoor spaces. The method simplifies polygons in an iterative manner. The simplification is segment-wise and takes account of intrusion, extrusion, offset, and corner portions of 2D structures preserving its dominant frame.
We investigate the production of primordial Gravitational Waves (GWs) arising from First Order Phase Transitions (FOPTs) associated to neutrino mass generation in the context of type-I and inverse seesaw schemes. We examine both high-scale as well as low-scale variants, with either explicit or spontaneously broken lepton number symmetry $U(1)_L$ in the neutrino sector. In the latter case, a pseudo-Goldstone majoron-like boson may provide a candidate for cosmological dark matter. We find that schemes with softly-broken $U(1)_L$ and with single Higgs-doublet scalar sector lead to either no FOPTs or too weak FOPTs, precluding the detectability of GWs in present or near future measurements. Nevertheless, we found that, in the majoron-like seesaw scheme with spontaneously broken $U(1)_L$ at finite temperatures, one can have strong FOPTs and non-trivial primordial GW spectra which can fall well within the frequency and amplitude sensitivity of upcoming experiments, including LISA, BBO and u-DECIGO. However, GWs observability clashes with invisible Higgs decay constraints from the LHC. A simple and consistent fix is to assume the majoron-like mass to lie above the Higgs-decay kinematical threshold. We also found that the majoron-like variant of the low-scale seesaw mechanism implies a different GW spectrum than the one expected in the high-scale seesaw. This feature will be testable in future experiments. Our analysis shows that GWs can provide a new and complementary portal to test the neutrino mass generation mechanism.
Motivated by the recent LHCb announcement of a $3.1sigma$ violation of lepton-flavor universality in the ratio $R_K=Gamma(Bto Kmu^+mu^-)/Gamma(Bto K e^+ e^-)$, we present an updated, comprehensive analysis of the flavor anomalies seen in both neutral-current ($bto sell^+ell^-$) and charged-current ($bto ctaubar u$) decays of $B$ mesons. Our study starts from a model-independent effective field-theory approach and then considers both a simplified model and a UV-complete extension of the Standard Model featuring a vector leptoquark $U_1$ as the main mediator of the anomalies. We show that the new LHCb data corroborate the emerging pattern of a new, predominantly left-handed, semileptonic current-current interaction with a flavor structure respecting a (minimally) broken $U(2)^5$ flavor symmetry. New aspects of our analysis include a combined analysis of the semileptonic operators involving tau leptons, including in particular the important constraint from $B_s$--$bar B_s$ mixing, a systematic study of the effects of right-handed leptoquark couplings and of deviations from minimal flavor-symmetry breaking, a detailed analysis of various rare $B$-decay modes which would provide smoking-gun signatures of this non-standard framework (LFV decays, di-tau modes, and $Bto K^{(*)} ubar u$), and finally an updated analysis of collider bounds on the leptoquark mass and couplings.
Recent progress in realising dynamical supersymmetry breaking allows the construction of simple and calculable models of gauge mediation. We discuss the phenomenology of the particularly minimal case in which the mediation is direct, and show that there are generic new and striking predictions. These include new particles with masses comparable to those of the Standard Model superpartners, associated with the pseudo-Goldstone modes of the dynamical SUSY breaking sector. Consequently there is an unavoidable departure from the MSSM. In addition the gaugino masses are typically significantly lighter than the sfermions, and their mass ratios can be different from the pattern dictated by the gauge couplings in standard (i.e. explicit) gauge mediation. We investigate these features in two distinct realisations of the dynamical SUSY breaking sector.
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