No Arabic abstract
Thin elastic sheets supported on compliant media form wrinkles under lateral compression. Since the lateral pressure is coupled to the sheets deformation, varying it periodically in time creates a parametric excitation. We study the resulting parametric resonance of wrinkling modes in sheets supported on semi-infinite elastic or viscoelastic media, at pressures smaller than the critical pressure of static wrinkling. We find distinctive behaviors as a function of excitation amplitude and frequency, including (a) a different dependence of the dynamic wrinkle wavelength on sheet thickness compared to the static wavelength; and (b) a discontinuous decrease of the wrinkle wavelength upon increasing excitation frequency at sufficiently large pressures. In the case of a viscoelastic substrate, resonant wrinkling requires crossing a threshold of excitation amplitude. The frequencies for observing these phenomena in relevant experimental systems are of the order of a kilohertz and above. We discuss experimental implications of the results.
We investigate with experiments the twist induced transverse buckling instabilities of an elastic sheet of length $L$, width $W$, and thickness $t$, that is clamped at two opposite ends while held under a tension $T$. Above a critical tension $T_lambda$ and critical twist angle $eta_{tr}$, we find that the sheet buckles with a mode number $n geq 1$ transverse to the axis of twist. Three distinct buckling regimes characterized as clamp-dominated, bendable, and stiff are identified, by introducing a bendability length $L_B$ and a clamp length $L_{C}(<L_B)$. In the stiff regime ($L>L_B$), we find that mode $n=1$ develops above $eta_{tr} equiv eta_S sim (t/W) T^{-1/2}$, independent of $L$. In the bendable regime $L_{C}<L<L_B$, $n=1$ as well as $n > 1$ occur above $eta_{tr} equiv eta_B sim sqrt{t/L}T^{-1/4}$. Here, we find the wavelength $lambda_B sim sqrt{Lt}T^{-1/4}$, when $n > 1$. These scalings agree with those derived from a covariant form of the Foppl-von Karman equations, however, we find that the $n=1$ mode also occurs over a surprisingly large range of $L$ in the bendable regime. Finally, in the clamp-dominated regime ($L < L_c$), we find that $eta_{tr}$ is higher compared to $eta_B$ due to additional stiffening induced by the clamped boundary conditions.
We consider three-dimensional reshaping of thin nemato-elastic sheets containing half-charged defects upon nematic-isotropic transition. Gaussian curvature, that can be evaluated analytically when the nematic texture is known, differs from zero in the entire domain and has a dipole or hexapole singularity, respectively, at defects of positive or negative sign. The latter kind of defects appears in not simply connected domains. Three-dimensional shapes dependent on boundary anchoring are obtained with the help of finite element computations.
The morphology of an elastic strip subject to vertical compressive stress on a frictional rigid substrate is investigated by a combination of theory and experiment. We find a rich variety of morphologies, which -when the bending elasticity dominates over the effect of gravity- are classified into three distinct types of states: pinned, partially slipped, and completely slipped, depending on the magnitude of the vertical strain and coefficient of static friction. We develop a theory of elastica under mixed clamped-hinged boundary conditions combined with the Coulomb-Amontons friction law, and find excellent quantitative agreement with simulations and controlled physical experiments. We also discuss the effect of gravity in order to bridge the difference in qualitative behaviors of stiff strips and flexible strings, or ropes. Our study thus complements recent work on elastic rope coiling, and takes a significant step towards establishing a unified understanding of how a thin elastic object interacts vertically with a solid surface.
A controlled surface wrinkling pattern has been widely used in diverse applications, such as stretchable electronics, smart windows, and haptics. Here, we focus on hexagonal wrinkling patterns because of their great potentials in realizing anisotropic and tunable friction and serving as a dynamical template for making non-flat thin films through self-assembling processes. We employ large-scale finite element simulations of a bilayer neo-Hookean solid (e.g., a film bonded on a substrate) to explore mechanical principles that govern the formation of hexagonal wrinkling patterns and strategies for making nearly perfect hexagonal patterns. In our model, the wrinkling instabilities are driven by the confined film expansion. Our results indicate robust hexagonal patterns exist at a relatively small modulus mismatch (on the order of 10) between the film and substrate. Besides, the film expansion should not exceed the onset of wrinkling value too much to avoid post-buckling patterns. By harnessing the imperfection insensitivity of one-dimension sinusoidal wrinkles, we apply a sequential loading to the bilayer structure to produce the nearly perfect hexagonal patterns. Lastly, we discuss the connection between the simple bilayer model and the gradient structures commonly existed in experiments.
We demonstrate with experiments that wrinkling in stretched latex sheets occur over finite strains, and that their amplitudes grow and then decay to zero over a greater range of applied strains compared with linear elastic materials. The wrinkles occur provided the sheet is sufficiently thin compared to its width, and only over a finite range of length-to-width ratios. We show with simulations that the Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic model describes the observed growth and decay of the wrinkles in our experiments. The decrease of wavelength with applied tension is found to be consistent with a far-from-threshold scenario proposed by Cerda and Mahadevan in 2003. However, the amplitude is observed to decrease with increasing tensile load, in contrast with the prediction of their original model. We address the crucial assumption of {it collapse of compressive stress}, as opposed to collapse of compressive strain, underlying the far-from-threshold analysis, and test it by measuring the actual arc-length of the stretched sheet in the transverse direction and its difference from the width of a planar projection of the wrinkled shape. Our experiments and numerical simulations indicate a complete {it collapse of the compressive stress}, and reveal that a proper implementation of the far-from-threshold analysis is consistent with the non-monotonic dependence of the amplitude on applied tensile load observed in experiments and simulations. Thus, our work support and extend far-from-threshold analysis to the stretching problem of rectangular hyperelastic sheets.