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Register a new userInter-Body Coupling in Electro-Quasistatic Human Body Communication: Theory and Analysis of Security and Interference Properties
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Radiative communication using electromagnetic fields is the backbone of todays wirelessly connected world, which implies that the physical signals are available for malicious interceptors to snoop within a 5-10 m distance, also increasing interference and reducing channel capacity. Recently, Electro-quasistatic (EQS) human body communication was demonstrated which utilizes the human bodys conductive properties to communicate without radiating the signals outside the body. Previous experiments showed that an attack with an antenna is unsuccessful, more than 1 cm of the body surface and 15 cm of an EQS-HBC device. However, since this is a new communication modality, it calls for investigation of new attack modalities - that can potentially exploit the physics utilized in the EQS-HBC to break the system. In this study, we present a novel attack method for EQS-HBC devices, using the body of the attacker itself as a coupling surface and capacitive inter-body coupling between the user and the attacker. We develop theoretical understanding backed by experimental results for inter-body coupling, as a function of distance between the subjects. We utilize this newly developed understanding to design EQS-HBC transmitters to minimize the attack distance through inter-body coupling as well as minimize the interference among multiple EQS-HBC users due to inter-body coupling. This understanding allows us to develop more secure and robust EQS-HBC based body area networks in the future.
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With the advent of wearable technologies, Human Body Communication (HBC) has emerged as a physically secure and power-efficient alternative to the otherwise ubiquitous Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). Whereas the most investigated nodes of HBC have been Electric and Electro-quasistatic (EQS) Capacitive and Galvanic, recently Magnetic HBC (M-HBC) has been proposed as a viable alternative. Previous works have investigated M-HBC through an application point of view, without developing a fundamental working principle for the same. In this paper, for the first time, a ground up analysis has been performed to study the possible effects and contributions of the human body channel in M-HBC over a broad frequency range (1kHz to 10 GHz), by detailed electromagnetic simulations and supporting experiments. The results show that while M-HBC can be successfully operated as a body area network, the human body itself plays a minimal or negligible role in its functionality. For frequencies less than about 30 MHz, in the domain of operation of Magneto-quasistatic (MQS) HBC, the human body is transparent to the quasistatic magnetic field. Conversely for higher frequencies, the conductive nature of human tissues end up attenuating Magnetic HBC fields due to Eddy currents induced in body tissues, eliminating the possibility of the body to support efficient waveguide modes. With this better understanding at hand, different modes of operations of MQS HBC have been outlined for both high impedance capacitive and 50 Ohm termination cases, and their performances have been compared with EQS HBC for similar sized devices, over varying distance between TX and RX. The resulting report presents the first fundamental understanding towards M-HBC operation and its contrast with EQS HBC, aiding HBC device designers to make educated design decisions, depending on mode of applications.
The emergence of Human Body Communication (HBC) as an alternative to wireless body area networks (WBAN) has led to the development of small sized, energy efficient and more secure wearable and implantable devices forming a network in and around the body. Previous studies claim that though HBC is comparatively more secure than WBAN, nevertheless, the electromagnetic (EM) radiative nature of HBC in >10MHz region makes the information susceptible to eavesdropping. Furthermore, interferences may be picked up by the body due to the human body antenna effect in the 40-400MHz range. Alternatively, electro-quasistatic (EQS) mode of HBC forms an attractive way for covert data transmission in the sub 10MHz region by allowing the signal to be contained within the body. However, there is a gap in the knowledge about the mechanism and sources of interference in this region (crucial in allowing for proper choice of data transmission band). In this paper, the interference coupling modality in the EQS region is explained along with its possible sources. Interferences seen by the wearable in the actual scenario is a non-trivial problem and a suitable measurement EQS HBC setup is designed to recreate it by employing a wearable sized measurement setup having a small ground plane. For the first time, a human biophysical interference pickup model is proposed and interference measurement results using a wearable device are presented up to 250kHz in different environmental settings.
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm has emerged as a promising novel paradigm to achieve better coverage and higher capacity for future wireless network by exploiting the more favorable line-of-sight (LoS) propagation. To reap the potential gains of UAV swarm, the remote control signal sent by ground control unit (GCU) is essential, whereas the control signal quality are susceptible in practice due to the effect of the adjacent channel interference (ACI) and the external interference (EI) from radiation sources distributed across the region. To tackle these challenges, this paper considers priority-aware resource coordination in a multi-UAV communication system, where multiple UAVs are controlled by a GCU to perform certain tasks with a pre-defined trajectory. Specifically, we maximize the minimum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) among all the UAVs by jointly optimizing channel assignment and power allocation strategy under stringent resource availability constraints. According to the intensity of ACI, we consider the corresponding problem in two scenarios, i.e., Null-ACI and ACI systems. By virtue of the particular problem structure in Null-ACI case, we first recast the formulation into an equivalent yet more tractable form and obtain the global optimal solution via Hungarian algorithm. For general ACI systems, we develop an efficient iterative algorithm for its solution based on the smooth approximation and alternating optimization methods. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms can significantly enhance the minimum SINR among all the UAVs and adapt the allocation of communication resources to diverse mission priority.
In future drone applications fast moving unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) will need to be connected via a high throughput ultra reliable wireless link. MmWave communication is assumed to be a promising technology for UAV communication, as the narrow beams cause little interference to and from the ground. A challenge for such networks is the beamforming requirement, and the fact that frequent handovers are required as the cells are small. In the UAV communication research community, mobility and especially handovers are often neglected, however when considering beamforming, antenna array sizes start to matter and the effect of azimuth and elevation should be studied, especially their impact on handover rate and outage capacity. This paper aims to fill some of this knowledge gap and to shed some light on the existing problems. This work will analyse the performance of 3D beamforming and handovers for UAV networks through a case study of a realistic 5G deployment using mmWave. We will look at the performance of a UAV flying over a city utilizing a beamformed mmWave link.
We introduce a hash chain-based secure cluster. Here, secure cluster refers to a set of vehicles having vehicular secrecy capacity of more than a reference value. Since vehicle communication is performed in such a secure cluster, basically secure vehicle communication can be expected. Secure hash clusters can also be expected by sharing hash chains derived from vehicle identification numbers. We are also convinced that our paper is essential for future autonomous vehicles by providing secure clustering services using MEC. In the near term, autonomous driving, our paper makes it possible to expect strong and practically safe vehicle communications.
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