Optical and Reflective Characteristics Measurement and Focal Length Calculation of a Hollow Tetrahedral Corner and a Solid Highly Retroreflective Cubes

Corner cubes are one of the most important optical tools used in new optical devices and optical LIDAR. This paper compares two different designs of the hollow and solid tetrahedral corner cubes and determines the relation between the Retroreflection index and the surface quality N and the surface flatness N and its effect on the focal length of the hollow and solid corner cube.

Two dimensional thermal analysis of a He – Ne laser's output and methods of cooling

we seek to ensure laser stability , during its work , with time , and consistency of specifications and efficiency (returns), the cooling of the active medium and optical elements, are sensitive to the proper cooling method, in economic terms and in terms ease of work. Cooling technique helps prolonging the life of laser systems ,its stability and optimizing its operation. So the total cooling efficient lasers , Scientific and Industrial is essential when designing a laser and helps improving the specifications of lasers , gaseous or solid or semiconductor . In addition to that cooling has a good impact on the age of the laser , and safety of its use . The designed cooling system , necessary for a certain laser system , depends on the amount of heat generated from the system(in Joule), which must be removed by the cooling system to keep the laser at specific temperature