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To safely deploy autonomous vehicles, onboard perception systems must work reliably at high accuracy across a diverse set of environments and geographies. One of the most common techniques to improve the efficacy of such systems in new domains involves collecting large labeled datasets, but such datasets can be extremely costly to obtain, especially if each new deployment geography requires additional data with expensive 3D bounding box annotations. We demonstrate that pseudo-labeling for 3D object detection is an effective way to exploit less expensive and more widely available unlabeled data, and can lead to performance gains across various architectures, data augmentation strategies, and sizes of the labeled dataset. Overall, we show that better teacher models lead to better student models, and that we can distill expensive teachers into efficient, simple students. Specifically, we demonstrate that pseudo-label-trained student models can outperform supervised models trained on 3-10 times the amount of labeled examples. Using PointPillars [24], a two-year-old architecture, as our student model, we are able to achieve state of the art accuracy simply by leveraging large quantities of pseudo-labeled data. Lastly, we show that these student models generalize better than supervised models to a new domain in which we only have unlabeled data, making pseudo-label training an effective form of unsupervised domain adaptation.
3D object detection is an important task in computer vision. Most existing methods require a large number of high-quality 3D annotations, which are expensive to collect. Especially for outdoor scenes, the problem becomes more severe due to the sparse
Reliable and accurate 3D object detection is a necessity for safe autonomous driving. Although LiDAR sensors can provide accurate 3D point cloud estimates of the environment, they are also prohibitively expensive for many settings. Recently, the intr
Recent advances in semi-supervised object detection (SSOD) are largely driven by consistency-based pseudo-labeling methods for image classification tasks, producing pseudo labels as supervisory signals. However, when using pseudo labels, there is a l
Modern 3D object detectors have immensely benefited from the end-to-end learning idea. However, most of them use a post-processing algorithm called Non-Maximal Suppression (NMS) only during inference. While there were attempts to include NMS in the t
We present a new domain adaptive self-training pipeline, named ST3D, for unsupervised domain adaptation on 3D object detection from point clouds. First, we pre-train the 3D detector on the source domain with our proposed random object scaling strateg