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In this paper we analyze the thermodynamic properties of a photon gas under the influence of a background electromagnetic field in the context of any nonlinear electrodynamics. Neglecting the self-interaction of photons, we obtain a general expression for the grand canonical potential. Particularizing for the case when the background field is uniform, we determine the pressure and the energy density for the photon gas. Although the pressure and the energy density change when compared with the standard case, the relationship between them remains unaltered, namely $rho=3p$. Finally, we apply the developed formulation to the cases of Heisenberg-Euler and Born-Infeld nonlinear electrodynamics. For the Heisenberg-Euler case, we show that our formalism recover the results obtained with the $2$-loop thermal effective action approach.
We study nonlinear vacuum electrodynamics in the first-order formulation proposed by Plebanski. We analyze in detail the equations of motion, and identify conditions for which a singularity can occur for the time derivative of one of the field compon
Kelly and Leff demonstrated and discussed formal and conceptual similarities between basic thermodynamic formulas for the classical ideal gas and black body photon gas. Leff pointed out that thermodynamic formulas for the photon gas cannot be deduced
We introduce a circuit quantum electrodynamical setup for a single-photon transistor. In our approach photons propagate in two open transmission lines that are coupled via two interacting transmon qubits. The interaction is such that no photons are e
One of the most studied model systems in quantum optics is a two-level atom strongly coupled to a single mode of the electromagnetic field stored in a cavity, a research field named cavity quantum electrodynamics or CQED. CQED has recently received r
We construct a Lagrangian for general nonlinear electrodynamics that features electric and magnetic potentials on equal footing. In the language of this Lagrangian, discrete and continuous electric-magnetic duality symmetries can be straightforwardly