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تسجيل مستخدم جديدWhat we are learning about the Quark Structure of Hadrons from Lattice QCD?
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J. W. Negele
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Developments in lattice field theory and computer technology have led to dramatic advances in the use of lattice QCD to explore the quark structure of hadrons. This talk will describe selected examples, including structure functions, electromagnetic form factors, the nucleon axial charge, the origin of the nucleon spin, the transverse structure of the nucleon, and the nucleon to Delta transition form factor.
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This review focuses on the current status of lattice calculations of three observables which are both phenomenologically and experimentally relevant and have been scrutinized recently. These three observables are the nucleon electromagnetic form fact
ors, the momentum fraction, <x>, and the nucleon axial coupling, gA.
Ultra-relativistic electromagnetic plasmas can be used for improving our understanding of the quark-gluon plasma. In the weakly coupled regime both plasmas can be described by transport theoretical and quantum field theoretical methods leading to sim
ilar results for the plasma properties (dielectric tensor, dispersion relations, plasma frequency, Debye screening, transport coefficients, damping and particle production rates). In particular, future experiments with ultra-relativistic electron-positron plasmas in ultra-strong laser fields might open the possibility to test these predictions, e.g. the existence of a new fermionic plasma wave (plasmino). In the strongly coupled regime electromagnetic plasmas such as complex plasmas can be used as models or at least analogies for the quark-gluon plasma possibly produced in relativistic heavy-ion experiments. For example, pair correlation functions can be used to investigate the equation of state and cross section enhancement for parton scattering can be explained.
We report the ground state masses of hadrons containing at least one charm and one bottom quark using lattice quantum chromodynamics. These include mesons with spin (J)-parity (P) quantum numbers J(P): 0(-), 1(-), 1(+) and 0(+) and the spin-1/2 and 3
/2 baryons. Among these hadrons only the ground state of 0(-) is known experimentally and therefore our predictions provide important information for the experimental discovery of all other hadrons with these quark contents.
We study quark confinement physics using lattice QCD. In the maximally abelian (MA) gauge, the off-diagonal gluon amplitude is strongly suppressed, and then the off-diagonal gluon phase shows strong randomness, which leads to a large effective off-di
agonal gluon mass, M_off=1.2GeV. Due to the large off-diagonal gluon mass in the MA gauge, low-energy QCD is abelianized like nonabelian Higgs theories. In the MA gauge, there appears a macroscopic network of the monopole world-line covering the whole system. We extract and analyze the dual gluon field B_mu from the monopole-current system in the MA gauge, and evaluate the dual gluon mass as m_B = 0.4-0.5GeV in the infrared region, which is a lattice-QCD evidence of the dual Higgs mechanism by monopole condensation. Even without explicit use of gauge fixing, we can define the maximal abelian projection by introducing a ``gluonic Higgs field phi(x), whose hedgehog singularities lead to monopoles. From infrared abelian dominance and infrared monopole condensation, infrared QCD is describable with the dual Ginzburg-Landau theory. In relation to the color-flux-tube picture for baryons, we study the three-quark (3Q) ground-state potential V_3Q in SU(3) lattice QCD at the quenched level, with the smearing technique for enhancement of the ground-state component. With accuracy better than a few %, V_3Q is well described by a sum of the two-body Coulomb part and the three-body linear confinement part sigma_3Q L_min, where L_min denotes the minimal value of the total length of the color flux tube linking the three quarks. Comparing with the Q-barQ potential, we find a universal feature of the string tension and the OGE result for the Coulomb coefficient.
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