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We combine a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code with an SPH code, so that -- assuming thermal equilibrium -- we can calculate dust-temperature fields, spectral energy distributions, and isophotal maps, for the individual time-frames generated by an SPH simulation. On large scales, the radiative transfer cells (RT cells) are borrowed from the tree structure built by the SPH code, and are chosen so that their size -- and hence the resolution of the calculated temperature field -- is comparable with the resolution of the density field. We refer collectively to these cubic RT cells as the global grid. The code is tested and found to treat externally illuminated dust configurations very well. However, when there are embedded discrete sources, i.e. stars, these produce very steep local temperature gradients which can only be modelled properly if -- in the immediate vicinity of, and centred on, each embedded star -- we supplement the global grid with a star grid of closely spaced concentric RT cells.
The theory and numerical modelling of radiation processes and radiative transfer play a key role in astrophysics: they provide the link between the physical properties of an object and the radiation it emits. In the modern era of increasingly high-qu
Context: The Monte Carlo method is the most widely used method to solve radiative transfer problems in astronomy, especially in a fully general 3D geometry. A crucial concept in any Monte Carlo radiative transfer code is the random generation of the
The Monte Carlo method is a powerful tool for performing radiative equilibrium calculations, even in complex geometries. The main drawback of the standard Monte Carlo radiative equilibrium methods is that they require iteration, which makes them nume
A crucial aspect of 3D Monte Carlo radiative transfer is the choice of the spatial grid used to partition the dusty medium. We critically investigate the use of octree grids in Monte Carlo dust radiative transfer, with two different octree constructi
The theory of radiative transfer provides the link between the physical conditions in an astrophysical object and the observable radiation which it emits. Thus accurately modelling radiative transfer is often a necessary part of testing theoretical m