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تسجيل مستخدم جديدBig Bang Nucleosynthesis Calculation
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تأليف
Hannu Kurki-Suonio
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I review standard big bang nucleosynthesis and so
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Standard big bang nucleosynthesis (SBBN) has been remarkably successful, and it may well be the correct and sufficient account of what happened. However, interest in variations from the standard picture come from two sources: First, big bang nucleosy
nthesis can be used to constrain physics of the early universe. Second, there may be some discrepancy between predictions of SBBN and observations of abundances. Various alternatives to SBBN include inhomogeneous nucleosynthesis, nucleosynthesis with antimatter, and nonstandard neutrino physics.
In the primordial Universe, neutrino decoupling occurs only slightly before electron-positron annihilations, leading to an increased neutrino energy density with order $10^{-2}$ spectral distortions compared to the standard instantaneous decoupling a
pproximation. However, there are discrepancies in the literature on the impact it has on the subsequent primordial nucleosynthesis, in terms of both the magnitude of the abundance modifications and their sign. We review how neutrino decoupling indirectly affects the various stages of nucleosynthesis, namely, the freezing out of neutron abundance, the duration of neutron beta decay, and nucleosynthesis itself. This allows to predict the sign of the abundance variations that are expected when the physics of neutrino decoupling is taken into account. For simplicity, we ignore neutrino oscillations, but we conjecture from the detailed interplay of neutrino temperature shifts and distortions that their effect on final light element abundances should be subdominant.
We reanalyze the allowed parameters for inhomogeneous big bang nucleosynthesis in light of the WMAP constraints on the baryon-to-photon ratio and a recent measurement which has set the neutron lifetime to be 878.5 +/- 0.7 +/- 0.3 seconds. For a set b
aryon-to-photon ratio the new lifetime reduces the mass fraction of He4 by 0.0015 but does not significantly change the abundances of other isotopes. This enlarges the region of concordance between He4 and deuterium in the parameter space of the baryon-to-photon ratio and the IBBN distance scale. The Li7 abundance can be brought into concordance with observed He4 and deuterium abundances by using depletion factors as high as 9.3. The WMAP constraints, however, severely limit the allowed comoving (T = 100 GK) inhomogeneity distance scale to (1.3 - 2.6)x10^5 cm.
We compute radiative corrections to nuclear reaction rates that determine the outcome of the Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN). Any nuclear reaction producing a photon with an energy above $2m_e$ must be supplemented by the corresponding reaction where
the final state photon is replaced by an electron-positron pair. We find that pair production brings a typical $0.2 %$ enhancement to photon emission rates, resulting in a similar size corrections to elemental abundances. The exception is $^4{rm He}$ abundance, which is insensitive to the small changes in the nuclear reaction rates. We also investigate the effect of vacuum polarisation on the Coulomb barrier, which brings a small extra correction when reaction rates are extrapolated from the measured energies to the BBN Gamow peak energies.
We consider inhomogeneous big bang nucleosynthesis in light of the present observational situation. Different observations of He-4 and D disagree with each other, and depending on which set of observations one uses, the estimated primordial He-4 corr
esponds to a lower baryon density in standard big bang nucleosynthesis than what one gets from deuterium. Recent Kamiokande results rule out a favorite particle physics solution to this tension between He-4 and D. Inhomogeneous nucleosynthesis can alleviate this tension, but the more likely solution is systematics in the observations. The upper limit to Omega_b from inhomogeneous nucleosynthesis is higher than in standard nucleosynthesis, given that the distance scale of the inhomogeneity is near the optimal value, which maximizes effects of neutron diffusion. Possible sources of baryon inhomogeneity include the QCD and electroweak phase transitions. The distance scale of the inhomogeneities arising from the electroweak transition is too small for them to have a large effect on nucleosynthesis, but the effect may still be larger than some of the other small corrections recently incorporated to SBBN codes.
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