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We reported the gamma-ray observation towards the giant molecular cloud Polaris Flare. Together with the dust column density map, we derived the cosmic ray density and spectrum in this cloud. Compared with the CR measured locally, the CR density in Polaris Flare is significantly lower and the spectrum is softer. Such a different CR spectrum reveals either a rather large gradient of CR distribution in the direction perpendicular to the Galactic plane or a suppression of CR inside molecular clouds.
The stages before the formation of stars in molecular clouds are poorly understood. Insights can be gained by studying the properties of quiescent clouds, such as their magnetic field structure. The plane-of-the-sky orientation of the field can be tr
The dynamical production of low-mass X-ray binaries and brighter cataclysmic variables (CVs) in dense globular clusters is well-established. We investigate how the X-ray emissivity of fainter X-ray binaries (principally CVs and coronally active binar
We present an extinction map of the Polaris molecular cirrus cloud derived from star counts and compare it with the Schlegel et al. (1998) extinction map derived from the far--infrared dust opacity. We find that, within the Polaris cloud, the Schlege
Since its launch, the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer-02 (AMS-02) has delivered outstanding quality measurements of the spectra of cosmic-ray (CR) species, $bar{p}$, $e^{pm}$, and nuclei (H-O, Ne, Mg, Si, Fe), which resulted in a number of breakthroughs.
Cosmic Rays escaping the Galaxy exert a force on the interstellar medium directed away from the Galactic disk. If this force is larger than the gravitational pull due to the mass embedded in the Galaxy, then galactic winds may be launched. Such outfl