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Vertical ferroelectricity where a net dipole moment appears as a result of in-plane ionic displacements has gained enormous attention following its discovery in transition metal dichalcogenides. Based on first-principles calculations, we report on the evidence of robust vertical ferroelectricity upon interlayer sliding in layered semiconducting $beta$-ZrI$_{2}$, a sister material of polar semimetals MoTe$_{2}$ and WTe$_{2}$. The microscopic origin of ferroelectricity in ZrI$_{2}$ is attributed to asymmetric shifts of electronic charges within a trilayer, revealing a subtle interplay of rigid sliding displacements and charge redistribution down to ultrathin thicknesses. We further investigate the variety of ferroelectric domain boundaries and predict a stable charged domain wall with a quasi-two-dimensional electron gas and a high built-in electric field that can increase electron mobility and electromechanical response in multifunctional devices. Semiconducting behaviour and a small switching barrier of ZrI$_{2}$ hold promise for novel ferroelectric applications, and our results provide important insights for further development of slidetronics ferroelectricity.
The so-called interlayer-sliding ferroelectricity was recently proposed as an unconventional route to pursuit electric polarity in van der Waals multi-layers, which was already experimentally confirmed in WTe$_2$ bilayer even though it is metallic. V
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