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تسجيل مستخدم جديدDeciphering the Origin of the GeV--TeV Gamma-ray Emission from SS 433
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We investigate hadronic and leptonic scenarios for the GeV--TeV gamma-ray emission from jets of the microquasar SS 433. The emission region of the TeV photons coincides with the X-ray knots, where electrons are efficiently accelerated. On the other hand, the optical high-density filaments are also located close to the X-ray knots, which may support a hadronic scenario. We calculate multi-wavelength photon spectra of the extended jet region by solving the transport equations for the electrons and protons. We find that both hadronic and leptonic models can account for the observational data, including the latest {it Fermi} LAT result. The hadronic scenarios predict higher-energy photons than the leptonic scenarios, and future observations such as with the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), the Large High-Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), and the Southern Wide-field Gamma-ray Observatory (SWGO) may distinguish between these scenarios and unravel the emission mechanism of GeV--TeV gamma-rays. Based on our hadronic scenario, the analogy between microquasars and radio galaxies implies that the X-ray knot region of the radio-galaxy jets may accelerate heavy nuclei up to ultrahigh energies.
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The detection of two sources of gamma rays towards the microquasar SS 433 has been recently reported. The first source can be associated with SS 433s eastern jet lobe, whereas the second source is variable and displays significant periodicity compati
ble with the precession period of the binary system, of about 160 days. The location of this variable component is not compatible with the location of SS 433 jets. To explain the observed phenomenology, a scenario based on the illumination of dense gas clouds by relativistic protons accelerated at the interface of the accretion disk envelope has been proposed. Energetic arguments strongly constrain this scenario, however, as it requires an unknown mechanism capable to periodically channel a large fraction of SS 433s kinetic energy towards an emitter located 36 parsec away from the central binary system.
The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory recently published the discovery of SS 433 as a TeV source, reporting the observation of multi-TeV gamma-ray emission from the jet interaction regions e1 and w1, suggesting in-situ particle acceler
ation. This showed the first direct evidence of acceleration in jets at energies greater than a few TeV. SS 433 was the first microquasar to be discovered and is still considered special in that the accretion is supercritical and the luminosity of the system is very high ($sim10^{40}$ erg s$^{-2}$). The lobes of the supernova remnant W 50 in which the jets terminate, about 40 parsecs from the central binary, are expected to accelerate charged particles, and indeed radio and X-ray emission consistent with electron synchrotron emission in a magnetic field have been observed. SS 433 has also been a strong candidate for hadronic acceleration due to spectroscopic evidence of ionized nuclei in the inner jets. However, multiwavelength fits including the HAWC measurements favor the leptonic production of the observed gamma rays. Here, we present new follow-up measurements of the jet interaction regions of SS 433 using the most recent data from HAWC.
The extended jets of the microquasar SS 433 have been observed in optical, radio, X-ray, and recently very-high-energy (VHE) $gamma$-rays by HAWC. The detection of HAWC $gamma$-rays with energies as great as 25 TeV motivates searches for high-energy
$gamma$-ray counterparts in the Fermi-LAT data in the 100 MeV--300 GeV band. In this paper, we report on the first-ever joint analysis of Fermi-LAT and HAWC observations to study the spectrum and location of $gamma$-ray emission from SS~433. Our analysis finds common emission sites of GeV-to-TeV $gamma$-rays inside the eastern and western lobes of SS 433. The total flux above 1 GeV is $sim 1times10^{-10},rm cm^{-2},s^{-1}$ in both lobes. The $gamma$-ray spectrum in the eastern lobe is consistent with inverse-Compton emission by an electron population that is accelerated by jets. To explain both the GeV and TeV flux, the electrons need to have a soft intrinsic energy spectrum, or undergo a quick cooling process due to synchrotron radiation in a magnetized environment.
Microquasars, the local siblings of extragalactic quasars, are binary systems comprising a compact object and a companion star. By accreting matter from their companions, microquasars launch powerful winds and jets, influencing the interstellar envir
onment around them. Steady gamma-ray emission is expected to rise from their central objects, or from interactions between their outflows and the surrounding medium. The latter prediction was recently confirmed with the detection of SS 433 at high (TeV) energies. In this report, we analyze more than ten years of GeV gamma-ray data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope on this source. Detailed scrutiny of the data reveal emission in the SS 433 vicinity, co-spatial with a gas enhancement, and hints for emission possibly associated with a terminal lobe of one of the jets. Both gamma-ray excesses are relatively far from the central binary, and the former shows evidence for a periodic variation at the precessional period of SS 433, linking it with the microquasar. This result challenges obvious interpretations and is unexpected from any previously published theoretical models. It provides us with a chance to unveil the particle transport from SS 433 and to probe the structure of the local magnetic field in its vicinity.
We calculate X-ray signal that should arise due to reflection of the putative collimated X-ray emission of the Galactic supercritical accretor SS 433 on molecular clouds in its vicinity. The molecular gas distribution in the region of interest has be
en constructed based on the data of the BU-FCRAO GRS in $^{13}$CO $J=1rightarrow0$ emission line, while the collimated emission was assumed to be aligned with the direction of the relativistic jets, which are continuously launched by the system. We consider all the available $Chandra$ observations covering the regions possibly containing the reflection signal and put constraints on the apparent face-on luminosity of SS 433 above 4 keV. No signatures of the predicted signal have been found in the analysed regions down to a 4-8 keV surface brightness level of $sim 10^{-11}$ erg/s/cm$^2$/deg$^2$. This translates into the limit on the apparent face-on 2-10 keV luminosity of SS 433 $L_{X,2-10}lesssim 8times10^{38}$ erg/s, provided that the considered clouds do fall inside the illumination cone of the collimated emission. This, however, might not be the case due to persisting uncertainty in the line-of-sight distances to SS 433 $d_{SS433}$ (4.5-5.5 kpc) and to the considered molecular clouds. For half-opening angle of the collimation cone larger than or comparable to the amplitude of the jets precession ($approx21deg$), the stringent upper limit quoted above is most relevant if $d_{SS433}<5$ kpc, provided that the kinematic distances to the considered molecular clouds are sufficiently accurate. Dropping the last assumption, a more conservative constraint is $L_{X,2-10}lesssim10^{40}$ erg/s for $d_{SS433}=4.65-4.85$ kpc (and yet worse outside this range). We conclude that SS 433 is not likely to belong to the brightest ultraluminous X-ray sources if it could be observed face-on, unless its X-ray emission is highly collimated. (Abridged)
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