ﻻ يوجد ملخص باللغة العربية
Given a group $G$, we write $x^G$ for the conjugacy class of $G$ containing the element $x$. A famous theorem of B. H. Neumann states that if $G$ is a group in which all conjugacy classes are finite with bounded size, then the derived group $G$ is finite. We establish the following result. Let $n$ be a positive integer and $K$ a subgroup of a group $G$ such that $|x^G|leq n$ for each $xin K$. Let $H=langle K^Grangle$ be the normal closure of $K$. Then the order of the derived group $H$ is finite and $n$-bounded. Some corollaries of this result are also discussed.
In a recent paper by L. A. Bokut, V. V. Chaynikov and K. P. Shum in 2007, Braid group $B_n$ is represented by Artin-Buraus relations. For such a representation, it is told that all other compositions can be checked in the same way. In this note, we support this claim and check all compositions.
Macro-realism is the position that certain macroscopic observables must always possess definite values: e.g. the table is in some definite position, even if we dont know what that is precisely. The traditional understanding is that by assuming macro-
In this paper we will present the results of Artin--Markov on braid groups by using the Groebner--Shirshov basis. As a consequence we can reobtain the normal form of Artin--Markov--Ivanovsky as an easy corollary.
Quantum measurements can be interpreted as a generalisation of probability vectors, in which non-negative real numbers are replaced by positive semi-definite operators. We extrapolate this analogy to define a generalisation of doubly stochastic matri
The concept of a classical player, corresponding to a classical random variable, is extended to include quantum random variables in the form of self adjoint operators on infinite dimensional Hilbert space. A quantum version of Von Neumanns Minimax th