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Behavior of the potential and electric field intensity at the front of a lightning leader channel taking into account the influence of space charges injected by the streamers is investigated theoretically. Analytical solutions of Poisson equation are found for different laws of charge density distribution in the streamer zone. Influence of the streamer zone parameters on the formation of final jump phase of a leader is investigated.
The dependences between the parameters of the Lightning discharge in the leader phase and the return stroke phase are obtained. It is shown that the peak values of the electric field created by lightning are determined by the parameters of the stream
X-ray and gamma-ray emissions observed in lightning and long sparks are usually connected with the bremsstrahlung of high-energy runaway electrons. Here, an alternative physical mechanism for producing X-ray and gamma-ray emissions caused by the pola
We use the Low Frequency ARray (LOFAR) to probe the dynamics of the stepping process of negatively-charged plasma channels (negative leaders) in a lightning discharge. We observe that at each step of a leader, multiple pulses of VHF (30~--~80 MHz) ra
Lightning and thundercloud are the most dramatic natural particle accelerators on the Earth. Relativistic electrons accelerated by electric fields therein emit bremsstrahlung gamma rays, which have been detected at ground observations, by airborne de
After centuries, the long-standing problem of the nature of ball lightning may be closer to a solution. The relativistic-microwave theory of ball lightning recently proposed by Wu accounts for many of the leading characteristics of ball lightning, wh