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In this study, the minimum amount of work needed to drive a thermodynamic system from one initial distribution to another in a given time duration is discussed. Equivalently, for given amount of work, the minimum time duration required to complete such a transition is obtained. Results show that the minimum amount of work is used to achieve the following three objectives, to increase the internal energy of the system, to decrease the system entropy, to change the mean position of the system, and with other nonzero part dissipated into environment. To illustrate the results, an example with explicit solutions is presented.
We discuss work performed on a quantum two-level system coupled to multiple thermal baths. To evaluate the work, a measurement of photon exchange between the system and the baths is envisioned. In a realistic scenario, some photons remain unrecorded
The asymptotic tails of the probability distributions of thermodynamic quantities convey important information about the physics of nanoscopic systems driven out of equilibrium. We apply a recently proposed method to analytically determine the asympt
For a thermodynamic system obeying both the equipartition theorem in high temperature and the third law in low temperature, the curve showing relationship between the specific heat and the temperature has two common behaviors: it terminates at zero w
We determine the complete asymptotic behaviour of the work distribution in driven stochastic systems described by Langevin equations. Special emphasis is put on the calculation of the pre-exponential factor which makes the result free of adjustable p
For closed quantum systems driven away from equilibrium, work is often defined in terms of projective measurements of initial and final energies. This definition leads to statistical distributions of work that satisfy nonequilibrium work and fluctuat