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Using local gauge invariance in the form of the Ward-Takahashi identity and the fact that properly constructed current operators must be free of kinematic singularities, it is shown that the magnetic moment $mu$ and the quadrupole moment $Q$ of an elementary spin-1 particle with mass $m$ and charge $e$ are related by $2 mmu + m^2 Q = e$, thus constraining the normalizations of the Sachs form factors. This relation holds true as a matter of course at the tree level in the standard model, but we prove it remains true in general for dressed spin-1 states derived from elementary fields. General expressions for spin-1 propagators and currents with arbitrary hadronic dressing are given showing the result to be independent of any dressing effect or model approach.
A novel method is employed to compute the pion electromagnetic form factor, F_pi(Q^2), on the entire domain of spacelike momentum transfer using the Dyson-Schwinger equation (DSE) framework in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The DSE architecture unifie
We propose an extension of the minimal-substitution prescription for coupling the electromagnetic field to hadronic systems with internal structure. The resulting rules of extended substitution necessarily distinguish between couplings to scalar and
The electromagnetic current~$J^+$ for spin-1, is used here to extract the electromagnetic form-factors of a light-front constituent quark model. The charge ($G_0$), magnetic ($G_1$) and quadrupole $G_2$ form factors are calculated using different pre
We use the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model as an effective quark theory to investigate the medium modifications of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors. By using the equation of state of nuclear matter derived in this model, we discuss the results based
We study the Wigner function for massive spin-1/2 fermions in electromagnetic fields. Dirac form kinetic equation and Klein-Gordon form kinetic equation are obtained for the Wigner function, which are derived from the Dirac equation. The Wigner funct