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تسجيل مستخدم جديدSpectral flow inside essential spectrum
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Nurulla Azamov
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The spectral flow is a classical notion of functional analysis and differential geometry which was given different interpretations as Fredholm index, Witten index, and Maslov index. The classical theory treats spectral flow outside the essential spectrum. Inside essential spectrum, the spectral shift function could be considered as a proper analogue of spectral flow, but unlike the spectral flow, the spectral shift function is not an integer-valued function. In this paper it is shown that the notion of spectral flow admits a natural integer-valued extension for a.e. value of the spectral parameter inside essential spectrum too and appropriate theory is developed. The definition of spectral flow inside essential spectrum given in this paper applies to the classical spectral flow and thus gives one more new alternative definition of it.
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Given a self-adjoint operator $H_0$ and a relatively $H_0$-compact self-adjoint operator $V,$ the functions $r_j(z) = - sigma_j^{-1}(z),$ where $sigma_j(z)$ are eigenvalues of the compact operator $(H_0-z)^{-1}V,$ bear a lot of important information
about the pair $H_0$ and $V.$ We call them coupling resonances. In case of rank one (and positive) perturbation $V,$ there is only one coupling resonance function, which is a Herglotz function. This case has been studied in depth in the literature, and appears in different situations, such as Sturm-Liouville theory, random Schrodinger operators, harnomic and spectral analyses, etc. The general case is complicated by the fact that the resonance functions are no longer single valued holomorphic functions, and potentially can have quite an erratic behaviour, typical for infinitely-valued holomorphic functions. Of special interest are those coupling resonance functions $r_z$ which approach a real number $r_{lambda+i0}$ from the interval $[0,1]$ as the spectral parameter $z=lambda+iy$ approaches a point $lambda$ of the essential spectrum, since they are responsible for spectral flow through $lambda$ inside essential spectrum when $H_0$ gets deformed to $H_1 = H_0+V$ via the path $H_0 + rV, r in [0,1].$ In this paper it is shown that if the pair $H_0,$ $V$ satisfies the limiting absorption principle, then the coupling resonance functions are well-behaved near the essential spectrum in the following sense. Let $I$ be an open interval inside the essential spectrum of $H_0$ and $epsilon>0.$ Then there exists a compact subset~$K$ of~$I$ such that $| I setminus K | < epsilon,$ and $K$ has a non-tangential neighbourhood in the upper complex half-plane, such that any coupling resonance function is either single-valued in the neighbourhood, or does not take a real value in the interval $[0,1].$
This paper is a continuation of the study of spectral flow inside essential spectrum initiated in cite{AzSFIES}. Given a point $lambda$ outside the essential spectrum of a self-adjoint operator $H_0,$ the resonance set, $mathcal R(lambda),$ is an ana
lytic variety which consists of self-adjoint relatively compact perturbations $H_0+V$ of $H_0,$ for which $lambda$ is an eigenvalue. One may ask for criteria for the vector $V$ to be tangent to the resonance set. Such criteria were given in cite{AzSFnRI}. In this paper we study similar criteria for the case of $lambda$ inside the essential spectrum of $H_0.$ For the case $lambda in sigma_{ess}(H_0)$ the resonance set is defined in terms of the well-known limiting absorption principle. Among the results of this paper is that the resonance set contains plenty of straight lines, moreover, given any regular relatively compact perturbation $V$ there exists a finite rank self-adjoint operator, $tilde V,$ such that the straight line $H_0 + mathbb R(V-tilde V)$ belongs to the resonance set. Another result of this paper is that inside the essential spectrum there exist plenty of transversal to the resonance set perturbations $V$ which have order $geq 2,$ in contrast to what happens outside the essential spectrum, cite{AzSFnRI}.
It has been shown recently that spectral flow admits a natural integer-valued extension to essential spectrum. This extension admits four different interpretations; two of them are singular spectral shift function and total resonance index. In this w
ork we study resonance index outside essential spectrum. Among results of this paper are the following. 1. Total resonance index satisfies Robbin-Salamon axioms for spectral flow. 2. Direct proof of equality total resonance index = intersection number. 3. Direct proof of equality total resonance index = total Fredholm index. 4. (a) Criteria for a perturbation~$V$ to be tangent to the~resonance set at a point~$H,$ where the resonance set is the infinite-dimensional variety of self-adjoint perturbations of the initial self-adjoint operator~$H_0$ which have~$lambda$ as an eigenvalue. (b) Criteria for the order of tangency of a perturbation~$V$ to the resonance set. 5. Investigation of the root space of the compact operator $(H_0+sV-lambda)^{-1}V$ corresponding to an eigenvalue $(s-r_lambda)^{-1},$ where $H_0+r_lambda V$ is a point of the resonance set. This analysis gives a finer information about behaviour of discrete spectrum compared to spectral flow. Finally, many results of this paper are non-trivial even in finite dimensions, in which case they can be and were tested in numerical experiments.
We discuss connections between the essential self-adjointness of a symmetric operator and the constancy of functions which are in the kernel of the adjoint of the operator. We then illustrate this relationship in the case of Laplacians on both manifo
lds and graphs. Furthermore, we discuss the Greens function and when it gives a non-constant harmonic function which is square integrable.
We consider a compact perturbation $H_0 = S + K_0^* K_0$ of a self-adjoint operator $S$ with an eigenvalue $lambda^circ$ below its essential spectrum and the corresponding eigenfunction $f$. The perturbation is assumed to be along the eigenfunction $
f$, namely $K_0f=0$. The eigenvalue $lambda^circ$ belongs to the spectra of both $H_0$ and $S$. Let $S$ have $sigma$ more eigenvalues below $lambda^circ$ than $H_0$; $sigma$ is known as the spectral shift at $lambda^circ$. We now allow the perturbation to vary in a suitable operator space and study the continuation of the eigenvalue $lambda^circ$ in the spectrum of $H(K)=S + K^* K$. We show that the eigenvalue as a function of $K$ has a critical point at $K=K_0$ and the Morse index of this critical point is the spectral shift $sigma$. A version of this theorem also holds for some non-positive perturbations.
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