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The wealth of data collected in the last few years thanks to the Pierre Auger Observatory and recently to the Telescope Array made the problem of the origin of ultra high energy cosmic rays a genuinely experimental/observational one. The apparently contradictory results provided by these experiments in terms of spectrum, chemical composition and anisotropies do not allow to reach any final conclusions as yet. Here I will discuss some of the theoretical challenges imposed by these data: in particular I will discuss some issues related to the transition from Galactic to extragalactic cosmic rays and how the different models confront our understanding of Galactic cosmic rays in terms of supernova remnants paradigm. I will also discuss the status of theories aiming at describing acceleration of cosmic rays to the highest energies in relativistic shocks and unipolar inductors.
We present the main results on the energy spectrum and composition of the highest energy cosmic rays of energy exceeding 10$^{18}$ eV obtained by the High Resolution Flys Eye and the Southern Auger Observatory. The current results are somewhat contra
The origin of the ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECR) with energies above E > 1017eV, is still unknown. The discovery of their sources will reveal the engines of the most energetic astrophysical accelerators in the universe. This is a written versi
Observations of the FR I radio galaxy Centaurus A in radio, X-ray and gamma-ray bands provide evidence for lepton acceleration up to several TeV and clues about hadron acceleration to tens of EeV. Synthesising the available observational constraints
While there is some level of consensus on a Galactic origin of cosmic rays up to the knee ($E_{k}sim 3times 10^{15}$ eV) and on an extragalactic origin of cosmic rays with energy above $sim 10^{19}$ eV, the debate on the genesis of cosmic rays in the
More than 100 years after the discovery of cosmic rays and various experimental efforts, the origin of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (E > 100 PeV) remains unclear. The understanding of production and propagation effects of these highest energetic par