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تسجيل مستخدم جديدGalaxy evolution in Abell 85: I. Cluster substructure and environmental effects on the blue galaxy population
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This series of papers explores the evolution of late-type galaxies in the rich cluster Abell 85. Here, we revisit the complex dynamical state of A 85 by using independent methods. We analyze the redshift distribution towards the cluster out to 40,000 km/s, and determine the mean redshifts of the background clusters A 87 and A 89. We then search for substructures in A 85 by considering the 2-D galaxy distribution for its members and by applying the kinematical 3-D Delta-test to both projected positions and radial velocities. This clearly reveals several substructures that we describe. We also analyse the distribution of the brightest blue galaxies across a major fraction of the cluster volume, considering if they are gas-rich or poor. We report a very asymmetric distribution of the blue member galaxies, and connect it with substructures revealed in the optical and X-rays. By matching our sample of bright blue member galaxies with HI detections reported in the literature, we identify gas-rich and gas-poor ones. HI-rich blue galaxies also turn out to be asymmetrically distributed, with most of them projected on the eastern side of the cluster. No blue objects have been detected in HI up to a projected radius of 2 Mpc in this zone. We estimate the ram pressure stripping exerted by the intra-cluster medium as a function of the projected distance from A 85, and quantify how important this mechanism may be in sweeping the gas out of the infalling spirals.
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Based on a VLA HI-imaging through the total volume of the cluster Abell 85, we compare the distribution of HI-rich and HI deficient late type galaxies with the intra cluster medium (ICM) drawn by the X-ray emission.
This work is part of a series of papers devoted to investigate the evolution of cluster galaxies during their infall. In the present article we imaged in NIR a selected sample of galaxies through- out the massive cluster Abell 85 (z = 0.055). We obta
ined (JHK) photometry for 68 objects, reaching 1 mag/arcsec^2 deeper than 2MASS. We use these images to unveil asymmetries in the outskirts of a sample of bright galaxies and develop a new asymmetry index, alpha_An, which allows to quantify the degree of disruption by the relative area occupied by the tidal features on the plane of the sky. We measure the asymmetries for a subsample of 41 large area objects finding clear asymmetries in ten galaxies, most of them being in groups and pairs projected at different clustercentric distances, some of them located beyond R500 . Combining information on the Hi-gas content of blue galaxies and the distribution of sub-structures across Abell 85, with the present NIR asymmetry analysis, we obtain a very powerful tool to confirm that tidal mechanisms are indeed present and are currently affecting a fraction of galaxies in Abell 85. However, when comparing our deep NIR images with UV-blue images of two very disrupted (jellyfish) galaxies in this cluster, we discard the presence of tidal 1 interactions down to our detection limit. Our results suggest that ram-pressure stripping is at the origin of such spectacular disruptions. We conclude that across a complex cluster like Abell 85, environment mechanisms, both gravitational and hydrodynamical, are playing an active role in driving galaxy evolution.
We present the first results of a new spectroscopic survey of the cluster Abell 85 targeting 1466 candidate cluster members within the central $sim$1 deg$^2$ of the cluster and having magnitudes $m_r < 20.5$ using VIMOS/VLT and HYDRA/WIYN. A total of
520 galaxies are confirmed as either relaxed cluster members or part of an infalling population. A significant fraction are low mass; the median stellar mass of the sample is $10^{9.6} M_{odot} $, and 25% have stellar masses below $10^9 M_{odot}$ (i.e. 133 dwarf galaxies). We also identify seven active galactic nuclei (AGN), four of which reside in dwarf host galaxies. We probe the evolution of star formation rates, based on H$alpha$ emission and continuum modeling, as a function of both mass and environment. We find that more star forming galaxies are observed at larger clustercentric distances, while infalling galaxies show evidence for recently enhanced star forming activity. Main sequence galaxies, defined by their continuum star formation rates, show different evolutionary behavior based on their mass. At the low mass end, the galaxies have had their star formation recently quenched, while more massive galaxies show no significant change. The timescales probed here favor fast quenching mechanisms, such as ram-pressure stripping. Galaxies within the green valley, defined similarly, do not show evidence of quenching. Instead, the low mass galaxies maintain their levels of star forming activity, while the more massive galaxies have experienced a recent burst.
For the first time, we explore the dynamics of the central region of a galaxy cluster within $r_{500}sim 600h^{-1}$~kpc from its center by combining optical and X-ray spectroscopy. We use (1) the caustic technique that identifies the cluster substruc
tures and their galaxy members with optical spectroscopic data, and (2) the X-ray redshift fitting procedure that estimates the redshift distribution of the intracluster medium (ICM). We use the spatial and redshift distributions of the galaxies and of the X-ray emitting gas to associate the optical substructures to the X-ray regions. When we apply this approach to Abell 85 (A85), a complex dynamical structure of A85 emerges from our analysis: a galaxy group, with redshift $z=0.0509 pm 0.0021$ is passing through the cluster center along the line of sight dragging part of the ICM present in the cluster core; two additional groups, at redshift $z=0.0547 pm 0.0022$ and $z=0.0570 pm 0.0020$, are going through the cluster in opposite directions, almost perpendicularly to the line of sight, and have substantially perturbed the dynamics of the ICM. An additional group in the outskirts of A85, at redshift $z=0.0561 pm 0.0023$, is associated to a secondary peak of the X-ray emission, at redshift $z=0.0583^{+0.0039}_{-0.0047}$. Although our analysis and results on A85 need to be confirmed by high-resolution spectroscopy, they demonstrate how our new approach can be a powerful tool to constrain the formation history of galaxy clusters by unveiling their central and surrounding structures.
We present results from a deep photometric study of the rich galaxy cluster Abell 2218 (z=0.18) based on archival HST WFPC2 F606W images. These have been used to derive the luminosity function to extremely faint limits (M_{F606W}=-13.2 mag, mu_{0}=24
.7 mag arcsec^{-2}) over a wide field of view (1.3 h^{-2} Mpc^2). We find the faint-end slope of the luminosity function to vary with environment within the cluster, going from alpha=-1.23pm0.13 within the projected central core of the cluster (100 < r < 300 h^{-1} kpc) to alpha=-1.49pm 0.06 outside this radius (300 < r < 750 h^{-1} kpc). We infer that the core is dwarf depleted, and further quantify this by studying the ratio of dwarf to giant galaxies and its dependency as a function of cluster-centric radius and local galaxy density. We find that this ratio varies strongly with both quantities, and that the dwarf galaxy population in A2218 has a more extended distribution than the giant galaxy population.
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