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Sinai chaos is characterized by exponential divergence between neighboring trajectories of a point billiard. If the repulsive potential of the finite-diameter fixed particle in the middle of the table is made smooth, the Sinai divergence persists with finite measure. So it does if the smooth potential is made attractive. So it still does if the potential is in addition made time-dependent (periodic). Then a systematic decrease in energy of the moving particle can be predicted to occur in both time directions for a long time. If so, classical entropy acquires an analog in real space.
A central concept in the connection between physics and information theory is entropy, which represents the amount of information extracted from the system by the observer performing measurements in an experiment. Indeed, Jaynes principle of maximum
We use the kinetic theory of gases to compute the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy per particle for a dilute gas in equilibrium. For an equilibrium system, the KS entropy, h_KS is the sum of all of the positive Lyapunov exponents characterizing the chaotic b
Temperature scale and the Boltzmann constant: The newest system of units is based on a compatible set of natural constants with fixed values. An example is the Boltzmann constant k which defines the thermal energy content kT. To express the base unit
Many modern techniques employed in physics, such a computation of path integrals, rely on random walks on graphs that can be represented as Markov chains. Traditionally, estimates of running times of such sampling algorithms are computed using the nu
Ultrafast chemical reactions are difficult to simulate because they involve entangled, many-body wavefunctions whose computational complexity grows rapidly with molecular size. In photochemistry, the breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation fu