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تسجيل مستخدم جديدThe Phoenix Deep Survey: Evolution of Star Forming Galaxies
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تأليف
A. M. Hopkins
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The Phoenix Deep Survey (PDS) is a multiwavelength survey based on deep 1.4 GHz radio observations used to identify a large sample of star forming galaxies to z=1. Photometric redshifts are estimated for the optical counterparts to the radio-detected galaxies, and their uncertainties quantified by comparison with spectroscopic redshift measurements. The photometric redshift estimates and associated best-fitting spectral energy distributions are used in a stacking analysis exploring the mean radio properties of U-band selected galaxies. Average flux densities of a few microJy are measured.
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The Phoenix Deep Survey (PDS) is a multiwavelength survey based on deep 1.4 GHz radio observations used to identify a large sample of star forming galaxies to z=1. Here we present an exploration of the evolutionary constraints on the star-forming pop
ulation imposed by the 1.4 GHz source counts, followed by an analysis of the average properties of extremely red galaxies in the PDS, by using the stacking technique.
We present the results of a study of a sample of 375 Extremely Red Galaxies (ERGs) in the Phoenix Deep Survey, 273 of which constitute a subsample which is 80% complete to K_s = 18.5 over an area of 1160 arcmin^2. The angular correlation function for
ERGs is estimated, and the association of ERGs with faint radio sources explored. We find tentative evidence that ERGs and faint radio sources are associated at z > 0.5. A new overdensity-mapping algorithm has been used to characterize the ERG distribution, and identify a number of cluster candidates, including a likely cluster containing ERGs at 0.5 < z < 1. Our algorithm is also used in an attempt to probe the environments in which faint radio sources and ERGs are associated. We find limited evidence that the I - K_s > 4 criterion is more efficient than R - K_s > 5 at selecting dusty star-forming galaxies, rather than passively evolving ERGs.
We present predictions for the clustering of galaxies selected by their emission at far infra-red (FIR) and sub-millimetre wavelengths. This includes the first predictions for the effect of clustering biases induced by the coarse angular resolution o
f single-dish telescopes at these wavelengths. We combine a new version of the GALFORM model of galaxy formation with a self-consistent model for calculating the absorption and re-emission of radiation by interstellar dust. Model galaxies selected at $850$ $mu$m reside in dark matter halos of mass $M_{rm halo}sim10^{11.5}-10^{12}$ $h^{-1}$ M$_{odot}$, independent of redshift (for $0.2lesssim zlesssim4$) or flux (for $0.25lesssim S_{850murm m}lesssim4$ mJy). At $zsim2.5$, the brightest galaxies ($S_{850murm m}>4$ mJy) exhibit a correlation length of $r_{0}=5.5_{-0.5}^{+0.3}$ $h^{-1}$ Mpc, consistent with observations. We show that these galaxies have descendants with stellar masses $M_{star}sim10^{11}$ $h^{-1}$ M$_{odot}$ occupying halos spanning a broad range in mass $M_{rm halo}sim10^{12}-10^{14}$ $h^{-1}$ M$_{odot}$. The FIR emissivity at shorter wavelengths ($250$, $350$ and $500$ $mu$m) is also dominated by galaxies in the halo mass range $M_{rm halo}sim10^{11.5}-10^{12}$ $h^{-1}$ M$_{odot}$, again independent of redshift (for $0.5lesssim zlesssim5$). We compare our predictions for the angular power spectrum of cosmic infra-red background anisotropies at these wavelengths with observations, finding agreement to within a factor of $sim2$ over all scales and wavelengths, an improvement over earli
We estimate the star-formation rates and the stellar masses of the Extremely Red objects (EROs) detected in a 180arcmin2 Ks-band survey (Ks~20mag). This sample is complemented by sensitive 1.4GHz radio observations (12micro-Jy; 1sigma rms) and multiw
aveband photometric data (UBVRIJ) as part of the Phoenix Deep Survey. For bright K<19.5mag EROs in this sample (I-K>4mag; total of 177) we use photometric methods to discriminate dust-enshrouded active systems from early-type galaxies and to constrain their redshifts. Radio stacking is then employed to estimate mean radio flux densities of 8.6 (3sigma) and 6.4micro-Jy (2.4sigma) for the dusty and early-type subsamples respectively. Assuming that dust enshrouded active EROs are powered by star-formation the above radio flux density at the median redshift of z=1 translates to a radio luminosity of 4.5e22W/Hz and a star-formation rate of SFR=25Mo/yr. Combining this result with photometric redshift estimates we find a lower limit to the star-formation rate density of ~0.02Mo/yr/Mpc^3 for the K<19.5mag dusty EROs in the range z=0.85-1.35. Comparison with the SFR density estimated from previous ERO samples (with similar selection criteria) using optical emission lines, suffering dust attenuation, suggests a mean dust reddening of at least E(B-V)~0.5 for this population. We further use the Ks-band luminosity as proxy to stellar mass and argue that the dust enshrouded EROs in our sample are massive systems, M>5e10Mo. We also find that EROs represent a sizable fraction (~50%) of the number density of galaxies more massive than M=5e10Mo at z~1, with almost equal contributions from dusty and early types. Similarly, we find that EROs contribute about half of the mass density of the Universe at z~1 after taking into account incompleteness because of the limit K=19.5mag.
Insensitive to dust obscuration, radio wavelengths are ideal to study star-forming galaxies free of dust induced biases. Using data from the Phoenix Deep Survey, we have identified a sample of star-forming extremely red objects (EROs). Stacking of th
e radio images of the radio-undetected star-forming EROs revealed a significant radio detection. Using the expected median redshift, we estimate an average star-formation rate of 61 M_sun/yr for these galaxies.
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