Energy Spectrum and Mass Composition around the Knee by EAS Measurements

Primary cosmic ray particles above energies of about 100 TeV are investigated by large-area ground based detector installations, observing various components of the development of extensive air-showers (EAS). By such an indirect access to the primary cosmic ray spectrum a steepening of the power-law falls off at around 3-5 PeV, known as the {em knee} has been identified. Different experimental techniques are used to deduce mass- and energy-sensitive observables of EAS experiments. The experiments involve measurements of secondary particle distributions at various observation levels and of muons deep underground as well as of observables reconstructed by measuring the air Cherenkov light emitted with the shower development in the atmosphere. Recently methods for analysing multidimensional distributions get favoured since they are able to take into account the correlations between different observables and the influence of large intrinsic fluctuations of the air-shower development. Additionally the use of a larger set of observables provides the possibility to test simultaneously the consistency of the Monte-Carlo models underlying the reconstruction procedures. By many experiments the existence of the knee in the primary energy spectrum is confirmed and a tendency of an increasing mean mass above the knee energy is indicated. Recent results show that the knee originates from a decrease of the flux of light primary particles, whereas heavy cosmic ray particles seem to miss a kink in the energy range of 1 and 10 PeV.