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Thermal energy can be conducted by different mechanisms including by single particles or collective excitations. Thermal conductivity is system-specific and shows a richness of behaviors currently explored in different systems including insulators, strange metals and cuprate superconductors. Here, we show that despite the seeming complexity of thermal transport, the thermal diffusivity $alpha$ of liquids and supercritical fluids has a lower bound which is fixed by fundamental physical constants for each system as $alpha_m=frac{1}{4pi}frac{hbar}{sqrt{m_em}}$, where $m_e$ and $m$ are electron and molecule masses. The newly introduced elementary thermal diffusivity has an absolute lower bound dependent on $hbar$ and the proton-to-electron mass ratio only. We back up this result by a wide range of experimental data. We also show that theoretical minima of $alpha$ coincide with the fundamental lower limit of kinematic viscosity $ u_m$. Consistent with experiments, this points to a universal lower bound for two distinct properties, energy and momentum diffusion, and a surprising correlation between the two transport mechanisms at their minima. We observe that $alpha_m$ gives the minimum on the phase diagram except in the vicinity of the critical point, whereas $ u_m$ gives the minimum on the entire phase diagram.
The mechanism of diffusion in supercooled liquids is investigated from the potential energy landscape point of view, with emphasis on the crossover from high- to low-T dynamics. Molecular dynamics simulations with a time dependent mapping to the asso
Linear programming (polynomial) techniques are used to obtain lower and upper bounds for the potential energy of spherical designs. This approach gives unified bounds that are valid for a large class of potential functions. Our lower bounds are optim
The open dynamics of quantum many-body systems involve not only the exchange of energy, but also of other conserved quantities, such as momentum. This leads to additional decoherence, which may have a profound impact in the dynamics. Motivated by thi
The self-diffusion constant D is expressed in terms of transitions among the local minima of the potential (inherent structure, IS) and their correlations. The formulae are evaluated and tested against simulation in the supercooled, unit-density Lenn
We study bounds on ratios of fluctuations in steady-state time-reversal heat engines controlled by multi affinities. In the linear response regime, we prove that the relative fluctuations (precision) of the output current (power) is always lower-boun