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We present an improved determination of the strange quark and anti-quark parton distribution functions of the proton by means of a global QCD analysis that takes into account a comprehensive set of strangeness-sensitive measurements: charm-tagged cross sections for fixed-target neutrino-nucleus deep-inelastic scattering, and cross sections for inclusive gauge-boson production and $W$-boson production in association with light jets or charm quarks at hadron colliders. Our analysis is accurate to next-to-next-to leading order in perturbative QCD where available, and specifically includes charm-quark mass corrections to neutrino-nucleus structure functions. We find that a good overall description of the input dataset can be achieved and that a strangeness moderately suppressed in comparison to the rest of the light sea quarks is strongly favored by the global analysis.
Beginning with precise data on the ratio of structure functions in deep inelastic scattering (DIS) from $^3$He and $^3$H, collected on the domain $0.19 leq x_B leq 0.83$, where $x_B$ is the Bjorken scaling variable, we employ a robust method for extr
We review recent progress in the determination of the parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the proton, with emphasis on the applications for precision phenomenology at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). First of all, we introduce the general theoret
We compute the helicity-dependent strange quark distribution in the proton in the framework of chiral effective theory. Starting from the most general chiral SU(3) Lagrangian that respects Lorentz and gauge invariance, we derive the complete set of h
In the light of recent experimental progress in determining the pressure and shear distributions in the proton, these quantities are calculated in a model with confined quarks supplemented by the pion field required by chiral symmetry. The incorporat
Recently the TOTEM experiment at the LHC has released measurements at $sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV of the proton-proton total cross section, $sigma_{tot}$, and the ratio of the real to imaginary parts of the forward elastic amplitude, $rho$. Since then an inte