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The distinctiveness of the human iris has been measured by first extracting a set of features from the iris, an encoding, and then comparing these encoded feature sets to determine how distinct they are from one another. For example, John Daugman measures the distinctiveness of the human iris at 244 degrees of freedom, that is, Daugmans encoding maps irises into the equivalent of 2 ^ 244 distinct possibilities [2]. This paper shows by direct pixel-by-pixel comparison of high-quality iris images that the inherent number of degrees of freedom embodied in the human iris, independent of any encoding, is at least 536. When the resolution of these images is gradually reduced, the number of degrees of freedom decreases smoothly to 123 for the lowest resolution images tested.
The mechanical stability of a physical system plays a crucial role in determining its excitations and response to strain. Recent advances have led to protocols that can create particularly stable amorphous solids. Such systems, whether they be physic
With the widespread use of biometric systems, the demographic bias problem raises more attention. Although many studies addressed bias issues in biometric verification, there are no works that analyze the bias in presentation attack detection (PAD) d
We address the fundamental performance issues of template protection (TP) for iris verification. We base our work on the popular Bloom-Filter templates protection & address the key challenges like sub-optimal performance and low unlinkability. Specif
Novel materials incorporating electronic degrees of freedom other than charge, including spin, orbital or valley textit{et al} have manifested themselves to be of the great interests and applicable potentials. Recently, the multipolar degrees of free
Whenever variables $phi=(phi^1,phi^2,ldots)$ are discarded from a system, and the discarded information capacity $mathcal{S}(x)$ depends on the value of an observable $x$, a quantum correction $Delta V_mathrm{eff}(x)$ appears in the effective potenti