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تسجيل مستخدم جديدModel of a gap formed by a planet with fast inward migration
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A planet is formed within a protoplanetary disk. Recent observations have revealed substructures such as gaps and rings, which may indicate forming planets within the disk. Due to disk--planet interaction, the planet migrates within the disk, which can affect a shape of the planet-induced gap. In this paper, we investigate effects of fast inward migration of the planet on the gap shape, by carrying out hydrodynamic simulations. We found that when the migration timescale is shorter than the timescale of the gap-opening, the orbital radius is shifted inward as compared to the radial location of the gap. We also found a scaling relation between the radial shift of the locations of the planet and the gap as a function of the ratio of the timescale of the migration and gap-opening. Our scaling relation also enables us to constrain the gas surface density and the viscosity when the gap and the planet are observed. Moreover, we also found the scaling relation between the location of the secondary gap and the aspect ratio. By combining the radial shift and the secondary gap, we may constrain the physical condition of the planet formation and how the planet evolves in the protoplanetary disk, from the observational morphology.
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Planetary systems are born in the disks of gas, dust and rocky fragments that surround newly formed stars. Solid content assembles into ever-larger rocky fragments that eventually become planetary embryos. These then continue their growth by accretin
g leftover material in the disc. Concurrently, tidal effects in the disc cause a radial drift in the embryo orbits, a process known as migration. Fast inward migration is predicted by theory for embryos smaller than three to five Earth masses. With only inward migration, these embryos can only rarely become giant planets located at Earths distance from the Sun and beyond, in contrast with observations. Here we report that asymmetries in the temperature rise associated with accreting infalling material produce a force (which gives rise to an effect that we call heating torque) that counteracts inward migration. This provides a channel for the formation of giant planets and also explains the strong planet-metallicity correlation found between the incidence of giant planets and the heavy-element abundance of the host stars.
Earth-mass planets embedded in gaseous protoplanetary disks undergo Type I orbital migration. In radiative disks an additional component of the corotation torque scaling with the entropy gradient across the horseshoe region can counteract the general
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We present the results of our recent study on the interactions between a giant planet and a self-gravitating gas disk. We investigate how the disks self-gravity affects the gap formation process and the migration of the giant planet. Two series of 1-
D and 2-D hydrodynamic simulations are performed. We select several surface densities and focus on the gravitationally stable region. To obtain more reliable gravity torques exerted on the planet, a refined treatment of disks gravity is adopted in the vicinity of the planet. Our results indicate that the net effect of the disks self-gravity on the gap formation process depends on the surface density of the disk. We notice that there are two critical values, Sigma_I and Sigma_II. When the surface density of the disk is lower than the first one, Sigma_0 < Sigma_I, the effect of self-gravity suppresses the formation of a gap. When Sigma_0 > Sigma_I, the self-gravity of the gas tends to benefit the gap formation process and enlarge the width/depth of the gap. According to our 1-D and 2-D simulations, we estimate the first critical surface density Sigma_I approx 0.8MMSN. This effect increases until the surface density reaches the second critical value Sigma_II. When Sigma_0 > Sigma_II, the gravitational turbulence in the disk becomes dominant and the gap formation process is suppressed again. Our 2-D simulations show that this critical surface density is around 3.5MMSN. We also study the associated orbital evolution of a giant planet. Under the effect of the disks self-gravity, the migration rate of the giant planet increases when the disk is dominated by gravitational turbulence. We show that the migration timescale associates with the effective viscosity and can be up to 10^4 yr.
A massive planet in a protoplanetary disc will open a gap in the disc material which acts as a transition between Type I and Type II planetary migration. Type II migration is slower than Type I migration, however it is still desirable to slow down Ty
pe II migration to allow gas giant planets with semi-major axis in the range 5 to 10AU to exist, similarly to our Solar system. We investigate a method of slowing down and reversing Type II migration by heating the outer gap edge due to incident radiation from the central star. Using an approximate vertically averaged heating method we find that Type II migration can be slowed or in extreme cases reversed if we assume near maximum allowed irradiation from the central star. Therefore, we believe this is a very interesting phenomenon that should be investigated in greater detail using three dimensional hydrodynamic and radiative transfer simulations.
High contrast imaging instruments such as GPI and SPHERE are discovering gap structures in protoplanetary disks at an ever faster pace. Some of these gaps may be opened by planets forming in the disks. In order to constrain planet formation models us
ing disk observations, it is crucial to find a robust way to quantitatively back out the properties of the gap-opening planets, in particular their masses, from the observed gap properties, such as their depths and widths. Combing 2D and 3D hydrodynamics simulations with 3D radiative transfer simulations, we investigate the morphology of planet-opened gaps in near-infrared scattered light images. Quantitatively, we obtain correlations that directly link intrinsic gap depths and widths in the gas surface density to observed depths and widths in images of disks at modest inclinations under finite angular resolution. Subsequently, the properties of the surface density gaps enable us to derive the disk scale height at the location of the gap $h$, and to constrain the quantity $M_{rm p}^2/alpha$, where $M_{rm p}$ is the mass of the gap-opening planet and $alpha$ characterizes the viscosity in the gap. As examples, we examine the gaps recently imaged by VLT/SPHERE, Gemini/GPI, and Subaru/HiCIAO in HD 97048, TW Hya, HD 169142, LkCa 15, and RX J1615.3-3255. Scale heights of the disks and possible masses of the gap-opening planets are derived assuming each gap is opened by a single planet. Assuming $alpha=10^{-3}$, the derived planet mass in all cases are roughly between 0.1-1 $M_{rm J}$.
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