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Real-time temperature monitoring inside living organisms provides a direct measure of their biological activities, such as homeostatic thermoregulation and energy metabolism. However, it is challenging to reduce the size of bio-compatible thermometers down to submicrometers despite their potential applications for the thermal imaging of subtissue structures with single-cell resolution. Light-emitting nanothermometers that remotely sense temperature via optical signals exhibit considerable potential in such textit{in-vivo} high-spatial-resolution thermometry. Here, using quantum nanothermometers based on optically accessible electron spins in nanodiamonds (NDs), we demonstrate textit{in-vivo} real-time temperature monitoring inside textit{Caenorhabditis elegans} (textit{C. elegans}) worms. We developed a thermometry system that can measure the temperatures of movable NDs inside live adult worms with a precision of $pm 0.22^{circ}{rm C}$. Using this system, we determined the increase in temperature based on the thermogenic responses of the worms during the chemical stimuli of mitochondrial uncouplers. Our technique demonstrates sub-micrometer localization of real-time temperature information in living animals and direct identification of their pharmacological thermogenesis. The results obtained facilitate the development of a method to probe subcellular temperature variation inside living organisms and may allow for quantification of their biological activities based on their energy expenditures.
In this study, we analyze the operational process of nanodiamond (ND) quantum thermometry based on wide-field detection of optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of nitrogen vacancy centers, and compare its performance with that of confocal ODM
We investigate the real-time estimation protocols for the frequency shift of optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in nanodiamonds (NDs). Efficiently integrating multipoint ODMR measurements and ND particle tra
Understanding the coordination of cell division timing is one of the outstanding questions in the field of developmental biology. One active control parameter of the cell cycle duration is temperature, as it can accelerate or decelerate the rate of b
Versatile nanoscale sensors that are susceptible to changes in a variety of physical quantities often exhibit limited selectivity. We propose a novel scheme based on microwave-dressed spin states for optically probed nanoscale temperature detection u
Dangerous damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can be ameliorated during mammalian development through a highly debated mechanism called the mtDNA bottleneck. Uncertainty surrounding this process limits our ability to address inherited mtDNA diseases.