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Shortly after the discovery of the Kerr metric in 1963, it was realized that a region existed outside of the black holes event horizon where no time-like observer could remain stationary. In 1969, Roger Penrose showed that particles within this ergosphere region could possess negative energy, as measured by an observer at infinity. When captured by the horizon, these negative energy particles essentially extract mass and angular momentum from the black hole. While the decay of a single particle within the ergosphere is not a particularly efficient means of energy extraction, the collision of multiple particles can reach arbitrarily high center-of-mass energy in the limit of extremal black hole spin. The resulting particles can escape with high efficiency, potentially serving as a probe of high-energy particle physics as well as general relativity. In this paper, we briefly review the history of the field and highlight a specific astrophysical application of the collisional Penrose process: the potential to enhance annihilation of dark matter particles in the vicinity of a supermassive black hole.
Collisions of particles in black holes ergospheres may result in an arbitrarily large center of mass energy. This led recently to the suggestion (Banados et al., 2009) that black holes can act as ultimate particle accelerators. If the energy of an ou
We propose a consistent analytic approach to the efficiency of collisional Penrose process in the vicinity of a maximally rotating Kerr black hole. We focus on a collision with arbitrarily high center-of-mass energy, which occurs if either of the col
The Penrose process of an extremal braneworld black hole is studied. We analyze the Penrose process by two massive spinning particles collide near the horizon. By calculating the maximum energy extraction efficiency of this process, it turns out that
Energy extraction from a rotating or charged black hole is one of fascinating issues in general relativity. The collisional Penrose process is one of such extraction mechanisms and has been reconsidered intensively since Banados, Silk and West pointe
We show that kinematics of charged particles allows us to model the growth of particles energy by consecutive particle-splits, once a spherical mirror as a perfectly reflective boundary is placed outside a charged black hole. We consider a charged ve