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Red supergiant stars are surrounded by a gaseous and dusty circumstellar environment created by their mass loss which spreads heavy elements into the interstellar medium. The structure and the dynamics of this envelope are crucial to understand the processes driving the red supergiant mass loss and the shaping of the pre-supernova ejecta. We have observed the emission from the CO $J = 2-1$ line from the red supergiant star $mu$~Cep with the NOEMA interferometer. In the line the synthesized beam was $0.92 times 0.72$~arcsec ($590 times 462$~au at 641~pc). The continuum map shows only the unresolved contribution of the free-free emission of the star chromosphere. The continuum-subtracted channel maps reveal a very inhomogeneous and clumpy circumstellar environment. In particular, we detected a bright CO clump, as bright as the central source in the line, at 1.80~arcsec south-west from the star, in the blue channel maps. After a deprojection of the radial velocity assuming two different constant wind velocities, the observations were modelled using the 3D radiative transfer code textsc{lime} to derive the characteristics of the different structures. We determine that the gaseous clumps observed around $mu$~Cep are responsible for a mass loss rate of $(4.9 pm 1.0) times 10^{-7}~{rm M}_odot,{rm yr}^{-1}$, in addition to a spatially unresolved wind component with an estimated mass-loss rate of $2.0 times 10^{-6}~{rm M}_odot,{rm yr}^{-1}$. Therefore, the clumps have a significant role in $mu$~Ceps mass loss ($ge 25 %$). We cannot exclude that the unresolved central outflow may be made of smaller unresolved clumps.
A tomographic method, aiming at probing velocity fields at depth in stellar atmospheres, is applied to the red supergiant star {mu} Cep and to snapshots of 3D radiative-hydrodynamics simulation in order to constrain atmospheric motions and relate them to photometric variability.
Red supergiants are cool massive stars and are the largest and the most luminous stars in the universe. They are characterized by irregular or semi-regular photometric variations, the physics of which is not clearly understood. The paper aims at deri
We present diffraction limited (0.6) 24.5micron Subaru/COMICS images of the red supergiant mu Cep. We report the detection of a circumstellar nebula, that was not detected at shorter wavelengths. It extends to a radius of at least 6 in the thermal in
We observe a sample of 8 evolved stars in the Galactic Bulge in the CO J = 2 - 1 line using the Submillimeter Array (SMA) with angular resolution of 1 - 4 arcseconds. These stars have been detected previously at infrared wavelengths, and several of t
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